Japanese Surrender Essay

The Japanese surrender marks the end of World War II. Though the Japanese believed there is more honor in death than surrendering, the Allies (Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States) gave them no choice. â€Å"By the end of World War Two, Japan had endured 14 years of war, and lay in ruins – with over three million dead (David Powers, 2011). The major defining factor in the Japanese defeat was the United States’ use of the atomic bomb. The United States’ President Harry S.  Truman warned Japan that America would use this â€Å"new and terrible weapon† if Japan did not â€Å"surrender unconditionally† (The Atomic Bomb and the Surrender of Japan, 2008). President Truman knew that American casualties would be high if they invaded Japan without the use of the atom bomb. On August 6, 1945 a uranium bomb nicknamed â€Å"Little Boy† was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. The total dead surpassed 68,000 from the blast at Hiroshima. Just three days after this explosion, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 40,000 people (The Atomic Bomb and the Surrender of Japan, 2008). These essentially were the final blows to Japan’s ability to continue this war. At this point it was obvious Japan’s spirits were crushed. Japan was no longer able to do the things it needed to keep its army afloat. The depleted naval force inhibited Japan from importing grain, coil, and other raw materials needed to sustain its war efforts. On Aug 14, 1945, Emperor Hiroito announced Japan’s surrender. The Document of Surrender was signed on September 2, 1945. This document was prepared by America’s War Department and approved by President Truman. The signing ceremonies were held on the battle ship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. The second paragraph of the Japanese Document of Surrender best sums up Japans compliance the United States demands. â€Å"We hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under the Japanese control wherever situated† (U. S. National Archives & Records, 1945).

Distracted Driving Essay

Distracted Driving is a selfish and very dangerous way to drive. Over 3,000 people each year are killed due to either driving distracted or being hit by someone who is distracted. There are many types of distracted driving and all are equally as dangerous. Examples of distracted driving include texting, eating, talking to a passenger, adjusting a radio or iPod, and anything involving your phone or a gps. Any kind of distracted driving is a bad idea and can end in serious injuries or fatalities. Distracted driving has numerous definitions. Whether it be eating, drowsy driving, using your phone, talking to a friend, or being distracted by something on the side of the road, they are all very dangerous and can end with someone using their life. Many people believe that they may be a good driver even when being distracted by other things but it is usually not the case. Even if you get away with driving distracted, it wont always be that way, and you never know when your luck will run out. As good as you may be at multitasking while driving it is never a good idea. If the thing is that important you should pull to the side of the road or wait until you get to your destination to do what you need to do. Texting and driving is one of the highest causes of crashes and fatalities. One of the groups that is most at risk is teens 16-20. This age group is not only new and inexperienced drivers but they are also very distracted by cell phones and music. When you are texting and driving the minimal amount of time that your attention is taken by your phone is 5 seconds. This not only puts you in danger but it also puts others on the road in a lot of danger as well. As important as receiving or sending a text may be, it can wait long enough to keep your life, and others, safe. If it is too tempting for you to use your phone or iPod while you are driving there are many ways you can combat this urge. All you need to do is throw your phone in the backseat or in the glove compartment and your urge is gone. You can also put your phone on silent or turn it off if the vibration or sounds of receiving texts distracts you. Any of these quick alternatives is a great idea to save your life as well as others on the road with you. Talking to a passenger or on your phone is a dangerous distraction as well. If you are on your phone, you may think that your attention is on the road but your attention is drawn away and focused on your call. Even if you use a hands-free device you still have a large amount of your attention drawn away. Talking to a  passenger in your car can be more dangerous because they are able to distract you and interact with you more. This can be helpful if they are alerting you of obstacles but if they are being distractive it can be a large distraction. If they are posing a bigger distraction than a help then you should let them know that you are distracting you from the road. Although it may offend or anger them, it can pay off in the long run. Another minor way of being of distracted is things in your eyesight. Someone running alongside the road, something happening ahead of you or to the side, and anything that will take your attention is a distraction. Things like this can seem minor but they can impair your attention. Although you don’t want to tune these things out of your attention, because they can cause accidents, you need to not only be aware of these things but not let them distract you to a point where you cant notice what is going on around you. There are 3 main types of distracted driving; cognitive, visual and manual. Cognitive distractions are when you mind isn’t focused on driving. These can include talking to someone in your car and just daydreaming. Even listening to music can take your mind off driving and distract you. This may seem like a minor distraction but it can be very large. A visual distraction is anything that involves the driver taking his or her eyes off the road. This is common in all age groups; adults will check their kid’s seatbelts and almost everyone will use a GPS, iPod, phone or dvd player. All of these things that involve you taking your eyes off the road are considered a visual distraction. The last type of distraction is manual. A manual distraction is when you take one or both hands off the wheel for any reason at anytime while driving. A manual distraction can include eating or drinking, adjusting a GPS or iPod, reaching for something, or even adjusting your seat. One of the reasons that texting ids one of the most dangerous thing you can do while driving is because it involves all 3 types of distracted driving. There are many ways that you can avoid using any of these types of distracted driving. The first way to avoid these three is to turn off your phone, even if you are expecting an important call. Another tip is to get a hands-free device if you really need to. This is not a great idea to use because it is just as dangerous as using the phone itself. Also, if you are driving with kids and/or pets make sure they  are strapped in and secured so that they don’t pose a distraction while they are driving. If you need to eat or drink, finish it before you start driving, or wait until after. The last is, if you use a gps, program it before you start driving. All of these reasons are great examples to stop driving distracted. Driving while distracted is elfish and cost you, and others their lives. It’s a simple choice, just wait to start or finish your task. http://www.distraction.gov/content/get-the-facts/facts-and-statistics.html http://www.textinganddrivingsafety.com/texting-and-driving-stats/ http://www.esurance.com/safety/3-types-of-distracted-driving

Taxonomy of Love

Do you know about the Taxonomy of Love? The Taxonomy of Love is a theory that practices belief in five types of love Eros, Ludus, Storge, Mania, and Pragma. The great William Shakespeare wrote the tragic tale of Romeo and Juliet, which can perfectly be related to the Taxonomy of Love. Because Romeo is an Eros lover and Juliet is a Mania lover they are more likely to become tragic heroes. I believe Romeo is an Eros lover because he is indeed ready for love in all of its aspects and idealizes and almost fantasizes about his life with Juliet. Juliet on the other hand is what I would say fits into the description of a Mania lover.Juliet is a Mania lover because she wants to see Romeo daily, even when he is banished from the town, and because she becomes fiercely preoccupied with thoughts of Romeo and needs his love. Two examples that support Romeo being an Eros lover are the fact that he killed himself for Juliet’s love and the sheer idea that he even after being banished from the town an being threatened with death if he returned still snuck inside the village to see Juliet. Two examples that support Juliet’s love for Romeo being Mania are her not only wanting to see Romeo daily but the Idea that if she didn’t see her dear Romeo she became vastly upset nd never wanted him to leave her presence. The second reason that supports Juliet being a Mania lover is the fact that she was completely aware of Romeo’s banishment from the town she still could not simply end the forbidden relationship. My first quote from Romeo and Juliet that I feel explains Why Romeo is an Eros lover comes from (Act V, scene III, lines 68-73. )In lines 68-73 lies the battle between Romeo and Paris That leads to Paris’ death. The battle begins by Paris saying â€Å"I do defy thy conjuration/ and apprehend thee for a felon here†. / Romeo then says â€Å"Wilt thou provoke me? Then have at thee, boy! / Page says â€Å"O Lord, they fight! I will go call th e watch. / Paris then utters the words O, I am slain! If thou be merciful,/ Open the tomb, Lay me with Juliet†. After those words Paris dies. The quote listed above shows pure implications that Romeo’s Love is indeed that of the Eros style. This shows implications Because one of the guidelines that goes along with being an Eros lover are that you have to be ready for love and all of its risks. That being said, Romeo took the ultimate risk of fighting Paris who is The kinsman to the Prince who threatened Romeo with death if he were to step foot in the town.Also, the very fact that even after Page said he was going to get the watch Romeo still stood his ground with Paris and risked being apprehended and put to death. The second quote comes from (Act V, scene III, lines 191-120 Romeo says â€Å"Here’s to my love! Drinks. O true Apothecary! / Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die†. This also falls under the guidelines of being an Eros lover Because Romeo once again, takes a risk for love. The risk Romeo took this time was the ultimate risk in which was his life. Being that he took his own life for Juliet shows true Eros loveBeing that he would not only die for her but would even go to hell for her. I will now give two quotes as to which support Juliet being a Mania lover. My first quote comes from (Act V, scene III, lines 175-176) Juliet says â€Å"This is thy sheath; there rust, and let me die. / She stabs herself and falls on Romeo’s body. This is the perfect example of Mania love because Juliet basically Implies that seeing Romeo dead and not being able to be with him Might as well be death. She then kills herself and falls across her dear Romeo’s body. This goes with the guideline of Mania love because the guidelineIs the idea that the person becomes convinced that life without the partner’s love is hardly worth living. My second quote that supports Juliet’s love as being that of the Mania kind is f rom (Act III, scene V, lines1-3. Juliet says to Romeo â€Å"Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near day. /It was the nightingale, and not the lark,/ that pierc’d the fearful hollow of thine ear. † This quote goes along with the guideline of Mania love: Wants to see the partner at least daily, and is easily upset By delays and postponements. I firmly believe that this perfectly fits into the guideline because Juliet was not ready for RomeoTo leave her presence and began to become disappointed When Romeo protested and said â€Å" It was the lark the herald of the morn† Romeo and Juliet are tragic heroes because of their love styles. Romeo being a Eros lover leads to his downfall because of his risky behavior out of love. Juliet being a Mania style lover leads to her downfall because she Believes life without Romeo is insignificant and is no longer worth living for. In Conclusion, Romeo and Juliet are tragic heroes and any other Lovers who share the same love styles as them are apt to becoming tragic heroes.

Managerial Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managerial Finance - Assignment Example For example a firm is investing a sum of money in a project which promises to yield $200, $400 and $ 1000 in the next three years. Simply adding this figure would give us a wrong estimation as the money is to be received in the coming years and not today therefore we will have to discount these sums of money using a particular interest rate to know the actual worth of dollars that would be today. 2 ) Opportunity Costs are those costs that a firm foregoes in order to pursue some other investment or decision. For example a company has a plot of land that is vacant, it now has two options either to rent it and receive rent income or to use that land to construct its factories that will again earn it some benefit. Now, if the company decides to construct a manufacturing plant on that site it has to forego that rental income which otherwise it would have received if the factory was not built. Hence in finance and business we factor in that cost and include it as an expense to gauge the true outcome of our actual decision. 3) Cost of capital is the cost for a firm of raising capital either through equity or debt. A company has te decide the optimum mix of both as it will invest that money to gain higher returns therefore the lower the cost of capital the better. The cost of capital is determined by the firms target capital structure which is the weight ages in which it wants to raise equity and debt. It is the duty of the Finance Managers to manage a firms cost of capital and define an optimum kevel. 4) The firm’s optimum capital structure is the weight ages of both equity and debt for which the cost of capital is the lowest. We also know that a company cannot raise unlimited amounts of capital for that lowest cost and optimum weight age level. The WACC (Weighted Average cost if capital) changes after a particular level of capital is reached also

Multicultural Education Issues Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multicultural Education Issues - Term Paper Example James continues to assert that despite the different scholars differing on how they understand multicultural education they all share the concept of change that provides a clearer understanding of the term. Multicultural education is an idea that encompasses the approach of school reform to promote equality, social justice and democracy amongst students. All students have an equal opportunity to utilize their full potential in class; every student must be prepared to compete with the others in the diverse cultural society; teachers are responsible for facilitating the learning of all students despite their ethnic group and culture, thus, schools should actively participate in ending oppression and the view that teachers or students are different. Moreover, educationists and activists must be concerned with assessing the educational practices and how they affect the learning of students (Glenn, 1989). The main aim of multicultural education is its potential capacity to generate social change. Students and teachers should not feel different despite their cultural background. In order to achieve this goal, multicultural education brings together aspects of change, change of schools, the way curriculum is prepared and the change of society as a whole. Multicultural education ensures that all aspects of school practices and policies are followed to ensure that students perform well in their academics. Moreover, students have positive concepts about their cultures, histories and contributions of diverse groups. This is only possible if the school curriculum addresses issues of racism, gender imbalance, languages, age difference and religion. Thus, students feel themselves being a part of the school society when their life experiences and cultures are incorporated in the school curriculum (Will, 2011). Will (2011) continues to say that the issue of ethnicity has been a great problem in many countries around the globe, and it should be addressed in the most efficient w ay. This issue is brought mainly by the teachers and parents as students are not born with it. It is, therefore, the sole responsibility of schools to address the issue so that it would be dealt with. Thus, to achieve this calls for a school staff that is culturally competent and to the greatest extent possible be racially, culturally, and linguistically diverse. Research shows that students with high ethnic diversity in schools perform poorly as compared to those schools with a homogenous student population. Moreover, this applies to student immigrants who perform better if they find a fellow student immigrant from the same region in the country of origin (Kofi, 1989). This shows that ethnicity is a problem for the society, which schools must fight to eradicate if the students are to perform better. However, the performance of pupils cannot be based only on ethnicity in schools; factors, such as the socioeconomic, are a major concern as they also affect a student’s performan ce. Linde (2001) believes that immigrant parents, mostly those from third world countries, are less educated as compared to more developed countries, work in lower status jobs, earn less and are not as wealthy as the native born parents. It is not out of their will but due to ethnicity and economic status of immigrant parents that they make a choice to take their children to ethnic schools with fewer resources. In majority of ethnic

Research Tools and their Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Tools and their Effectiveness - Essay Example The research took more than 26 weeks to complete. With the sensitivity of the matter, training them for only 8 weeks doesn’t make a lot of sense in that they will not have experienced the necessary knowledge which they can use with ease to determine whether to report as casualty or not. Further, the issue of monitoring the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy is not much encouraged because, if you monitor them, they will tend to be accurate and may not sway away from normality due to your presence. For a research to have the required scientific vigor homogeneity of data is required and this can only be obtained if some certain restrictions are imposed on the participants (Agnes, A 2007). This may include: Age, gender, occupation, health status, earning and many others depending entirely on the objective of the study. For example, for one to take part in this study, the researcher ensured that, he/she had at least some experience in radiography which he himself knew and another which had brought him to that health facility to assist in the provision of the service. However, they were not required to have any formal training in radiography. In any scientific research which involves human participants, freedom to take part in it is a priority as you cannot force one to get involved without his/her consent (Mailu, S. 2004). Participants have to be given the opportunity to say what they want based on the restrictions above. In this study, all the participants are not provided with the necessary information and a verbal consent is not sought from each of them. Mainly a consent form is signed by him/her stating that, all that is involved in the study will be followed to the later voluntarily (Charles, A 2000). The protection of human participant’s information is key for any research to be successful (Bailey, 2005).

Michigan Liquor Control Commission Research Paper - 1

Michigan Liquor Control Commission - Research Paper Example Shipment consolidation- small orders are integrated so that big loads can be carried in one carriage. Implementing shipment consolidation decreases the freight rates due to negotiation and bargaining power because of economies of scale. Freight rates are also dependent on the warehouse. The shipment consolidation and a consolidated warehouse decrease emergency deliveries. Value added services- the firm should implement an electronic scanning system and to replace error-prone paper-based information collection system; hence saving time in the supply chain. Any increase in the cost of packaging the goods can be offset by a reduction in transit costs. Inventory carrying costs- The inventory carrying costs will reduce because the number of inventories stored at a central warehouse will be fewer than that stored at the regional warehouse. Moreover, consolidation enables the just in time system to be feasible; hence reducing inventories and cutting costs. Effect of third party/ private warehouse facilities on warehousing costs handling costs, storage costs and fixed facility costs- the third party provider will cause the overall costs of fixed facilities, handling and storage costs to reduce due to economies of scale. The coordination work among the warehouse owners also reduces the administrative costs that include fixed costs. By consolidating multiple client freight, the transportation costs are also reduced. Decentralization- the firm should have a decentralized DPR where the products reach the customers fast through their supply chain. A centralized system requires more time before the products are accessible, and may lead to the groceries getting spoilt or rotten. Decentralized- decentralized customer relationship collaboration enables the firm get feedback faster and easier from their customers. A centralized system may not be easily accessible for the customers. Decentralized- a decentralized LCS enables the

Shakeaspear's Sonnets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shakeaspear's Sonnets - Essay Example He says that when he thinks of the past, he remembers that he had sought many things then, and regrets that he had not been able to acquire any of those things by now. The use of words like ‘sigh’ and ‘lack’ accentuates his gloomy mood and unhappy thoughts. By saying ‘many a thing I sought,’ again the sense of unfullfilment and feeling of being in a deprived state are brought through to the reader. â€Å"And with old woes new wail my dear times’ waste†: Here he expresses that his thoughts about the old miseries, renews them afresh, and he â€Å"wails† his â€Å"dear times’ waste.† Once again the use of alliteration: starting the words ‘woes’, ‘wails’ and ‘waste’ with the same consonant ‘w’, emphasizes his expression of loss, and how it affected him to think that his precious time in the past had been wasted, as he lacked now many of those things that he had so ught then. The usage of ‘old’ and ‘new’ which are of opposite meaning, closely placed: ‘And with old woes new wail†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is an example of Shakespeare’s stylistic expression. The second quatrain of the sonnet expresses the poet’s grief at the loss of ‘precious friends’. who he says are hidden in ‘death’s dateless night’. Again, the use of alliteration, i.e. repetition of the starting consonant ‘d’ in two consecutive words, adds to the rhythm of the line. The word ‘dateless’ alludes to the timelessness of death, which is eternal. The use of another poetic device ‘assonance’ is used to enhance the rhythm: i.e. similar vowel sounds in accented syllables, as the short ‘e’ sound in the words ‘precious friends.’ This is also seen in the beginning of the sonnet: ‘When to the sessions’ and ‘remembrance’. Also, the first and last words of the poem: When and end also have assonance, and serve the function of unifying the entire poem. The same tone of sad loss is repeated when he talks of weeping again over old

Nike Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nike Corporation - Case Study Example Founded in the year 1972 by a man named Philip Knight who is the co-founder and the Chairman today and by Bill Bowerman both set out with a dream and that has gradually taken the shape of reality. Nike has its head quarters situated in the United States of America and to be more specific it is situated in Beaverton, Oregon. The word Nike has been adapted and taken from the word Nike which was the name of a Greek Goddess of Victory. Nike today has many product lines each of which cater to different sports and sport areas, names such as Nike golf, Nike pro, and Air Jordan are just a few of the lot. And these names are also vastly known as trusted when it comes to the various products that are manufactured and marketed under them. Nike is one company that produces a very widespread range of sports equipment. The first ever products that Nike produced were shoes that could be used as track running shoes and shoes that could be used to play basket ball. Once that started going well they began manufacturing different kinds of sports wear such as jackets and trousers for tennis, football, and cricket etc. Nike belongs to the sportswear and sports equipment manufacturing industry and when it comes to athletic shoes, apparel and other sports equipment it is known to one of the major American suppliers. Nike currently has factories in many countries come of which are China, Taiwan, India, Turkey and Pakistan etc, and to date has about 500 factories working at manufacturing their products. The biggest rivals of Nike currently in the market of sportswear and sports equipment are quite a lot as Nike is seen as a threat to many sports and even some fashion brands but the leading rivals are Reebok which came along in the year 1980. After that the advent of Adidas brought its own level of threat and the rivalry increased for Nike. The board of directors for Nike contains people such as Mark Parker, Timothy D. Cook and Jill Ker Conway. CURRENT SUCCESS STATEGY: The story behind or the reason behind Nike being such a successful company is embedded in its marketing strategies. Besides the advertisement and promotions of its many products there has always been deep focus by the heads of this company on the following details which has lead to it being the leading brand name today. Pricing is one of those details the price of Nike products has always been higher than that pf competitors, its products have always been kept to go with the changing trends and are always upgraded to fit new profiles and the new generation. Placement of sales outlets has been another key detail that has helped. And last but not least the advertisement of its products being shown and made in different times and languages to accommodate their consumers with full understanding and satisfaction guaranteed. That all combined with its catchy brand slogan "just do it" gives the consumer a reliable, trendy and durable product

Is digital marketing a force for good or evil Use academic references Essay - 2

Is digital marketing a force for good or evil Use academic references and practical examples to critically address this question - Essay Example Many firms have sought to improve their performance and reach their long term objectives with the aid of new technologies that have since been developed. Marketing sector has not been left out as many managers have been observed to be moving towards marketing strategies that integrate latest technological methods and systems that can largely help reach out to the targeted customers. Brand promotion is one of the areas that have embraced digital approach in marketing and a lot of questions ranging from ethical concerns, micro environmental issues to cooperation. A debate has ensued amongst various players in the socio-economic sector arguing whether digital marketing is good or evil based on the three aforementioned dimensions. This essay aims at critically weighing up both the positive and the negative attributes of digital marketing in order to conclusively take a stand whether it is good or evil. Thesis statement: digital marketing is both good and evil depending on how it is carri ed out. According to Evans and McKee (2010: 35), digital marketing is an element of electronic commerce or e-trading that utilises electronic devices to engage those they target. It is a marketing method that is supported by technology and cushioned by media. Internet is a major player in digital marketing and emails, websites, as well as social media, are used in reaching out to the target customers so they may be allured into purchasing the company’s products. Moreover, digital marketing encircles other electronic platforms that do not use internet such as the television, radio among others to promote businesses. In the recent times, the emergence and broadcasted influence of both social and electronic media have had a substantial Effect in the lives of the society members. People have turned from the analogue ways such as letter writing, poster adverts and other unsophisticated traditional

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Questions - Essay Example Other aspects of diversity include education levels, religion, sexual orientation and personality types (Rice, 2005). Effective management of diversity within an organization can be a source of competitive advantage in business. A competitive advantage refers to a marketing action that a company employs that sets it apart from its competitors. To understand how diversity can affect a firms competitive advantage or competition, in general, it is essential to explore some of the benefits of diversity to an organization. Firstly, diversity brings a great variety of opinions and viewpoints to an organization. In a case where the management wishes to make a decision, the difference in opinion, as presented by different members, gives a broad perspective of the subject. This will lead to the selection of the best possible set of actions that can yield best results. Restricted or few opinions can be misleading resulting in poor business decisions that might not compete fairly in a business environment. Secondly, diversity can result in a wide range of talents in an organization. A variety of talent is a major contributor to the efficiency of a firm. Matching the different talents to the different tasks in an organization will lead to better execution of tasks. Efficiency in tasks is a major competitive advantage. This is because efficiency in production can lower the costs of production, and the saved resources can be channeled elsewhere within the firm for improvement of services. Finally, the diversity of a firm is a basis for the provision of a wider range of services. In marketing, for instance, cultural diversity of a firm can play a major role in reaching a broader market. An organization with a workforce of diverse cultural background is better placed to reach a multicultural market. It is possible to achieve this by understanding the different requirements of the cultures and the language to

Memory Essay Example for Free

Memory Essay 1. What is primary memory? What are the characteristics of primary memory? It has long been noted that it is possible to hold some information in mind for a brief period of time. In the late 1950s, researchers began to think that such brief memories might be supported by the primary memory. The three characteristics of primary memory are: forgetting (caused by both interference and decay); the format in which the information is coded (in terms of sound, visual appearance, and meaning); and the amount of information that can be held, or capacity (which depends on the type of information). Much (but not all) of the forgetting from primary memory occurs due to interference. Proactive interference occurs when older learning interferes with new learning. In retroactive interference, later learning interferes with earlier learning.   It appears that material can be coded in primary memory in at least three ways: visuospatially, acoustically (in terms of sound), and semantically (in terms of meaning). There is also evidence for a primary memory component that can store tactile memories—that is, how things feel on the skin—but not much research has been directed toward that representation (Harris, Miniussi, Harris, Diamond, 2002; Romo Salinas, 2003). Around the turn of the 20th century, researchers began to use the digit span task to measure the capacity of primary memory. 2. What is the process of memory from perception to retrieval? What happens when the process is compromised? The perception of primary memory occurs in manifold ways. Much of it consists of our knowledge of what words mean, about the ways they are related to one another and the rules of communication and thinking. This kind of memory, which makes use of language possible, is semantic memory; while primary memory can also consist of episodic memory which is organized with respect to when certain events happened in our lives. It is a record of what happened to us and does not lend itself to drawing of inferences. The storing of primary memory occurs in various ways. One of them is organizing and arranging the input so that it fits into existing long-term memory categories, grouping in some logical memory, or arranging in some other way that makes â€Å"sense†. The organizational encoding may be inherent in the input itself or it may be supplied by individuals as they learn and remember new things. Imagery also plays an important role in storing of information into memory. One explanation for the importance of stimulus imagery in learning and storing information to memory, is that a concrete stimulus (one, for which, imagery is readily evoked in mind) provides a conceptual peg on which responses can be hung. During encoding, the to-be-remembered information, especially if it is a complex life event or something you have read, is modified. Certain details are accentuated, the material me be simplified; which is called constructive processes. One important constructive process is encoding only the gist or meaning of complex information such as what we have read in a newspaper, magazine, or book. 3. Is it possible for memory retrieval to be unreliable? Why or why not? What factors may affect the reliability of ones memory? Successful retrieval of a memory depends largely on the cues available at the time of retrieval. But sometimes, when cues will not help; the memory is simply lost. The idea that memories simply fade away with time corresponds to our everyday experience, but it is difficult to prove. It is more certain that new things you learn can interfere with things that you already know, thereby causing forgetting. The idea that memories simply fade away with time corresponds to our everyday experience, but it is difficult to prove. It is more certain that new things you learn can interfere with things that you already know, thereby causing forgetting. Forgetting can occur because (a) you don’t have the right cue for retrieval, (b) the association between the cue and the target memory is compromised in some way, or (c) the target memory itself is lost. There is some evidence supporting each mechanism. We briefly consider the possibility that some memories are never lost.

Impact of Corporate Governance on Capital Investment

Impact of Corporate Governance on Capital Investment Introduction Overview Through various studies over the years, different scholars and financial analysts have been able to establish a relationship of cash flow on firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ investment spending. It was significantly proven by (Modigliani Miller, 1958) that a firmâ„ ¢ financial status is irrelevant for real investment decisions in a world of perfect and complete capital markets, after controlling for the cost of capital. In case of managerial discretion, based on (Jensen, 1986) free cash flow theory, firms increase investment (including projects with negative present value) based on the availability of cash flows with incentive of increasing firmsâ„ ¢ value beyond level of optimal investment. Moreover, an agency costs also appreciate the borrower net worth by charging a premium on the external financing. The discussion above explains that the firmsâ„ ¢ investment decisions are dependent on the availability of internal funds, as cost advantage over external fund is evident. While choosing an appropriate capital structure, there are certain trade-offs which affects the decision. These trade-offs include tax advantage through acquiring debt against the bankruptcy cost which advocates the use of equity. Keeping this in view, various different models have been supported to explain this corporate capital structure behavior. Pecking Order Theory, initially mitigated by (Donaldson, 1961) describes the financing practice as prioritizing the means of financing, which is necessary for the management to counter against asymmetric information. Either they should generate the funds internally or acquire funds externally through debt rather than equity. Implications to the pecking order theory involves the positive impact of leveraging on the market price, which means, financing through debt sends a positive signal into the market about the firmâ„ ¢ future prospects. Furthermore, intermediaries also undermine the role of management as the financial intermediaries such as investment banks function as the insider to the firm. Consequently, keeping an eye on the firms operations and influencing the firmâ„ ¢ capital financing decision. However, Pecking order theory of (Myers, 1984) argues that the firms operating in imperfect or incomplete capital markets where the cost of external capital exceeds that of internal funds, the financial structure may be appropriate to the investment decisions of companies facing uncertain prospects. Gauging the level of corporate investment in any firm is based on the corporate governance; market position of a firmâ„ ¢ asset against its book value can be termed as Tobinâ„ ¢ q ratio. Identified by (Chung Pruitt, 1994), Tobinâ„ ¢ q as the ratio of a market value of a firm to the replacement cost of its assets. Tobinâ„ ¢ q can be considered an effective tool for determining financial performance as the data can be collected readily from a balance sheet. When calculating Tobinâ„ ¢ q ratio, the replacement cost can be determined approximately by the book value of firmâ„ ¢ plant and equipment. Approximate q can be replaced with the actual Tobinâ„ ¢ q to make the calculations unproblematic and data can be readily available without any discrepancies. Problem Statement To study the impact of corporate governance on the capital investment decision through cash flow and Tobinâ„ ¢ q interaction in relation with Capital Investment HypothesEs H0: Firms with investment spending that is influenced by cash flow will be associated with high Q values. In fact, the equilibrium level of Q for these firms will be larger than one. (FCF Theory) HA: Firms indicating a liquidity constraint by not paying dividends will have the most significant cash flow/investment relationship, and will be associated with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Outline of the study The report contains the contemplation of research data that will study the phenomenon of cash flows and investment discussed earlier in this paragraph. The study categorizes firms according to characteristics (such as dividend payout, size) which will help measure the level of constraints faced by firms. The study will help readers to understand the complexities of Pecking order theory and Free Cash Flows concept with regard to asymmetric information available and corporate governance which influences decision of the firms. To measure the effect that cash flow-financed capital spending and Q has on firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ investment, Ordinary Least Square Regression model will be used to estimate the function. To compute the influence on the Investment, instruments used are: (1) Cash Flow, (2) Approximate q, and (3) an interaction of both variables are created. Through studying the parameter estimates of interaction variable, positive influence on investment will support the Pecking Order hypothesis and negative influence will govern the Free Cash Flow hypothesis. The equation hypothesized in the next part is linear. Definitions Pecking Order Theory: (Myers, 1984): A firm is said to follow a pecking order if it prefers internal to external financing and debt to equity if external financing is used. Free Cash Flow Theory According to (Jensen, 1986) free cash flow theory, high cash flow and low debt create agency costs associated with conflicts between manager and share holder over the payout of this free cash, which is the cash left after the firm has invested in all available positive net present value projects. Capital Structure A careful and systematic analysis of how claims against a corporations assets can or should be determined, assessed, and accounted for. (Riahi-Belkaoui, 1999) Capital Investment Decision Capital Investment decisions are those decisions that involve current outlay in return for a stream of benefit in future years. (Drury, 2006) Tobinâ„ ¢ q Tobins q is a measure of investors expectations concerning a firms future profit potential. It is defined as the ratio of the market value of a firm to the replacement cost of its assets. (Strecker, 2009) Literature Review (Vogt, 1994) explained the capital spending behavior of companies with respect to change in dividend cash paid, cash flows, sales, and market value of assets. The regression equation models the variables to proportion of fixed assets, and distributes the firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ data in segments of Dividend Payout Groups and Asset Groups. Primarily, Dividend Cash has a strong negative impact on capital spending; it explains that in order to finance additional fixed investment firm needs to sock cash by reducing their dividend. Cash flow, Sales, and Q Ratio having a positive coefficient demonstrates that with an increase in future cash flows, the firm will improve its capital spending. (Cleary, 1999) has developed a relationship between the firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ investment decision and the firmâ„ ¢ financial status. Financial status has been studied with respect to the liquidity constraints. The data is classified into groups through a discriminant analysis on basis of dividend payout policy. These groups helped identify which firms are more prone to be financially constrained and the results showed that firms having high credit worthiness are significantly more sensitive to the availability of internal funds than that are less credit worthy. It has been proposed that the various ownership structures make managerial decision based on the interaction between investment and the firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ liquidity constraints. The study conducted by (Dedoussis Papadaki, 2010) mentioned that the management can be held separate from its ownership, even on basis of the nationality of the company. On the other hand, it also explained that the relative shareholding of CEO and the controlling shareholders can also be the basis of separation. Findings support that the Low Q, small, and new firms under the generalized model are facing asymmetric information problems. Indeed these firms are expected a priori to face financing problems that affect the cost of their external financing. On the other hand, low Q, old and low dividend firms are more likely to face managerial discretion problems that result to over-investment. The impact of Tobinâ„ ¢ Q is mainly used to determine the investment opportunity of the firm. In this article, marginal Tobinâ„ ¢ Q has been taken to evaluate the firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ investment and Research Development expenditures. Under the asymmetric information (AI) hypothesis firms with attractive investment opportunities may be unable to finance them because of inadequate internal cash flows and because the cost of external funds is too high due to the capital markets ignorance of the firms investment opportunities. The agency or managerial discretion (MD) hypothesis links investment to cash flows by assuming that managers obtain financial and psychological gains from managing a large and growing firm and thus invest beyond the point that maximizes shareholder wealth. (Gugler, Mueller, Yurtoglu, 2004) Taking in viewpoint the impact of capital structure on the capital investment decision, firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ investment demands is the more susceptible towards cost-of-capital or tax-based capital incentive. Whereas, capital structure seems irrelevant as against internal sources of funds can be effectively substituted with sources of funds generated externally. (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) explicates that cash flow/investment relationship is more sensitive when taken in reference with firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ dividend behavior. Comparison based on firms having more or less liquidity constraints can be further improved when compared on a division based on the scale of the firms, i.e. young or small firms versus large ones. This way the researchers can address the problem of firms lacking the asymmetric information. Research Methods The chapter explains the model used in the given research study. The study focuses on analyzing the influence of Cash Flows and Tobinâ„ ¢ q on Corporate Investment. The equation representation consists of the proportion of capital spending to the beginning-of-periods net fixed asset (I/K) as a function of: (1) cash flow divided by beginning-of-period gross fixed asset (CF/K), and (2) beginning-of-period Tobins q (Q). Method of Data Collection Main source of collecting the required data is from secondary sources. It includes the Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Company listed in Karachi Stock Exchange provided by State Bank of Pakistan consisting of data of our relevant variables. The data was taken in annual terms to conduct this research. Sampling Technique The Convenience sampling or grab or opportunity sampling would be use in this research. Sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. Sample Size The sample period taken under study covers 8-years period beginning at the start of 2000 and ending at the close of 2008. The data was taken from a sample of 70 (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange and included in KSE-100 index. Research Model Statistical technique Ordinary Least Square Regression technique is used to study the impact of variables included in the study. It helps studies the relationship between a dependent variable and several independent variable. It also assumes the relationship to be linear or ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"straight line,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€š? where the values of predictors lies directly proportional to Criterion variable. SPSS Software is used to develop the regression model and evaluate the influence of predictors on dependent variable. Results Findings and interpretation of results Aggregate Sample: Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates for the full sample of 69 firms The predictors, i.e. main effects of Cash Flow and Tobinâ„ ¢ q and an interaction term of both, included in the model helps explain 78.5% of Investment (Table 1) shown mentioned as R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the variable to observation ratio in the given model is sufficient. Casewise diagnostic was also conducted to eliminate the outliers in the data to improve the results. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test whether the model predicts the dependent variable significantly The F-statistics (Table 2) is significant and it determines the regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : The parameter estimation for full sample of 69 firms with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 = ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 = ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of all predators included in the test are significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 3), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobinâ„ ¢ q. Dividend Payout groups: Table : Presents the sample statistics for 69 KSE listed (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are included in the KSE-100 index. The three rows distribute the statistics into High, Medium, and Low payout policies. Average dividend-to-income ratios of greater than 0.35, between 0.35 and 0.10, and less than 0.10 define High, Low, and Medium dividend-payout firms, respectively. While studying the dividend-payout groups (Table 4), the descriptive helps to identify characteristics to confirm whether the data being studied has the authenticity and the behavior pattern which commonly related to the groups assigned. The values of Investment, Cash Flow, and Tobinâ„ ¢ q associated with the groups are in complete correspondence with the hypothetical occurrence. Firms having a higher (lower) dividend payout have greater (lower) market value, and lower(higher) level of cash flows and investments. Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates of 69 firms split by High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout policies. The model helps explains 81.9%, 66.7%, and 80% data in High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout firms (Table 5), shown in R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the number of observations is sufficient with respect to variables in each group separately. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test the null hypothesis of ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1, H = ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1, M = ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1, L The F-statistics (Table 6) in each dividend payout group is significant and it determines that each regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : Shows the parameter estimation for each payout groups with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 = ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 = ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of predators in High and Low dividend payout groups are all significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 7), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. Except for Medium dividend payout group, which has insignificant coefficient values of Tobinâ„ ¢ q, showing no impact on the investment. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobinâ„ ¢ q. Hypothesis Assessment Summary Hypothesis Independent Variables B t Sig. Comments Firms with investment spending that is influenced by cash flow will be associated with high Q values. In fact, the equilibrium level of Q for these firms will be larger than one. (FCF Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'Æ’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Q H0= ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Rejected ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Firms indicating a liquidity constraint by not paying dividends will have the most significant cash flow/investment relationship, and will be associated with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'Æ’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Q HA= ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 >0 ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² 3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Accepted ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃÆ'Ã…Â ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Dependent Variable: Investment Table : Summarizes the results and explains that the hypothesis accepted is directly in correspondence with the aggregate hypothesis. As illustrated (Table 8) capital spending of low payout firms is positively and strongly influenced by the interaction term, consistent with the PO hypothesis, the parameter estimate for the high payout firms are also positive but marginally significant. Conclusion, Discussions, Implications And Future Research Conclusion The results illustrated above demonstrates that the positive relationship between the degree of the CF/I relationship and Q found latter in the aggregate data (Table 3) is concentrated in low or no dividend paying firms. This finding is in further support with the PO hypothesis. Discussions The objective was to study and test the causes of universal relationship between Cash Flow and Investment Spending. Hence, two hypotheses were included in the research to study the source of this relationship: the free cash flow hypothesis (FCF) hypothesis, which works on the assumption that managers prefer investing its free cash flow excessively into investment projects that are not profitable, and the pecking order hypothesis (PO) purports that managers are prone to investment comparatively less than the opportunity provided due asymmetric information-induced liquidity constraint. As advocated in favor of Pecking Order Theory by (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) and many others, for groups which consists of small firms with low-dividend payout to fund capital spending, exhibits heavy reliance on cash flow and cash changes. The relationship can be more significantly studied when the impact of larger q value is associated with this group. Evaluating the impact of corporate governance on investment-cash flow relation requires a critical judgment as to how do the firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ cash flow and the existing market value influence the investment decision. Financially constraint firms may have a larger impact on liquidity associated matters and managers might take discretion in choosing the right sources to tap. Agency cost may be involved in making such a decision where managers may consider paying dividend as a higher opportunity cost as it reduces the firmsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ free cash flow to exploit new profitable investment projects. Implications and Recommendations In the current market situation where external pressures existing can also be taken into proxy. When managers making a capital investment decision they need to take in view other non-financial aspects that also influences the decisions to a certain extent. Furthermore, financial intermediaries having a certain level of involvement and sharing information sensitive to the market can also be a major factor that might be giving a varying result against Investment. Investing in profitable-investment projects can bring in greater resources to the firm in future and it entails a huge decision burden upon the shoulders of the managers. Shareholders expecting to earn a greater return through investing in them can also be undermined when manager decided to have a low payout policy. Funds generated internally is a possibility where there is a healthy cash flow, but it is also preferable if this free cash is invested into marketable security for allocating the resources into a profitable venture for a time being to make it a positive impression. Future Research In future studies there may be more aspects of cash flow-investment relationship which can be studied for assessing the degree impact it has on this relationship, i.e. sales, debt performance, capital structure, firm size, etc. The research study may also be improved if the observation of firms are increased that will in turn reflect a more clear picture about the relationship in the current scenario.

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts Introduction E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances using electricity which includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc. that have been disposed of by their original users (Lundgren 2012). unfortunately, this definition is one of many because there is no standard definition of e-waste. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is currently the largest growing waste stream in the glob due to rapid technology innovation, ever-shortening product lifespans and increase of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) consumption (Lundgren 2012). This growing has major health, environmental and economic impacts especially in developing countries. According to the United Nation Environment (UN environment), computers lifespan has decreased from six years in 1997 to two years in 2005 in developed countries (un environment 2017). Widmer et al., 2005 estimated that e-waste constitutes 8% of the total municipal solid waste. In 2014, the total e-waste generated worldwide was estimated to be about 41.8 million tons (t) with about 3-5% annual growth rate (Baldà © et al. 2014). Out of this, only (15%) 6.5 million tons has been reported to be formally treated (Baldà © et al. 2014; Heacock et al. 2016). Up to 80% of the e-waste that sent for recycling in developed countries are illegally transported to developing countries mainly in Africa, and Asia (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) 2009). Countries such as US, Japan, China, India, and countries from the European Union are the main sources of e-waste (Baldà © et al. 2014). Unfortunately, most of developing countries receiving e-waste are not technologically equipped and usually use simple hazardous methods for recycling (Lundgren 2012). Accordingly, peoples health and environment in these developing countries are jeopardized (Smith et al. 2006; SAICM 2009). Recycling E-waste contains up to 60 different valuable metals that have been estimated to be equal to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬48 billion (Baldà © et al. 2014; Namias 2013). BullionStreet (2012) stated that electronic industry consumes about 320 t of gold and 7500 t of silver every year and mining of e-waste could generate $21 billion each year. About 40% of this profits comes from in the printed circuit board that have a potential revenue of 21,200/t, while it is only form 3-6% of the total e-waste generated worldwide every year (Golev et al. 2016). At the same time, e-waste can generate more amount of metals comparing to the conventional mining operations using the same amount of power in both ways (Namias 2013). Also, Studies have revealed that the global ore grade are decreasing and mines are forced to excavate more complex and fine-grained ore deposits to meet the global metal need (Là ¨bre and Corder 2015). According to the electronics takeback coalition (2014), recycling 1 million cell phones can recover about 24 kg (50 lb) of gold, 250 kg (550 lb) of silver, 9 kg (20 lb) of palladium, and more than 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) of copper. Nonetheless, the run of mine ore needed to produce the same amount of metal is 10-160 times more than that of the waste mobile phones. Beside saving money, recycling can provide the same amount of metal with substantial less power intake compared to mine ore (Cui and Forssberg 2003). Consequently, it will lead significant reduction in the volume of gas emission due to new metal production. Economic Outcome Form economic standpoint, plays an important employment role in the recycling sectors of some low and middle-income countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Ghana, and Nigeria (Lundgren 2012; Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement 2011). For example, In Guiyu, China, the largest informal e-waste recycling location in the world, e-waste recycling provides jobs to almost 100,000 people as e-waste recyclers (Heacock et al. 2016; Lundgren 2012). With the similar throughput, 300-600 new treatment facilities will have to be developed in China to deal with the total generated e-waste from 2020 to 2030 that can potentially provide jobs to 30,000 people (Zeng et al. 2016). Health and Environmental Impacts Despite the economic benefits from recycling, e-waste processing has raised alarming environmental and health issues specially in developing countries. Where e-waste recycling sector is unregulated and unaccountable collecting, processing, and redistributing tends to be performed by workers at temporary sites, residences, crude workshops, and open public spaces. Informal recycling areas usually inhabited by poor people with scarce job possibilities and their main concern is feed themselves and their families; this primary concern predominates that for personal health and safety (The Lancet 2013). Recycling without protection exposes workers to many hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead (Lundgren 2012). The incineration of these chemicals release compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/ Fs) gases that effect soil, atmosphere, and water (Hossain et al. 2015).The hazard from e-waste processing not only threatens operator health, but also, puts the health of people living nearby and next generations living in the surrounding areas in jeopardy (Liu et al. 2009). Toxins absorption and effects vary based on type and quantity of e-waste, length of exposure, methods processing, and physiological vulnerability, especially in pregnant women and children (Grant et al. 2013). People exposed to hazardous substances in e-waste through multiple routes, including food, water, air, and soil (Norman et al. 2013). There is high accumulative in the area where informal recycling locations have functioned for more than a decade (Chen et al. 2011). The impact of the hazardous substances from e-waste can spread beyond processing sites and into ecosystems (Sepà ºlveda et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2010). For example, rice and dust samples collected from homes close to e-waste settings had almost double the maximum permissible concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper (Zheng et al. 2013). An exposure of contaminated food such as rice plus inhaling lead through house dust situates children to high risk of neurotoxicity and adverse developmental effects (Zheng et al. 2013). Studies have linked exposure to such toxins with increases in spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature births, reduced birthweights, and birth lengths events (Liu et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2012). Also, physical growth indicators, such as weight, height, and body-mass index, were significantly lower in children living in the e-waste recycling town of Guiyu than in those living in the control area Liangying (Zheng et al. 2013). Environmentally, as mentioned earler, disposal of these chemicals/metals in landfills or by incinerating them can produce harmful effects to the environment (Heacock et al. 2016). The amount of cadmium exists in a cell phone battery have a potential to pollute 600m3 of water (Garlapati 2016). For example, the concentration of metals such as lead, copper and nickel that found in the discharge channel near Guiyu to Nanyang road and Chendiandian to Guiyu road in China were 400-600 times higher than that is expected from uncontaminated river sediments (Brigden et al. 2005). Similar results were obtained from formal recycling sites with elevated content of nickel, copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in Philippines (Yoshida et al. 2016). To conclude, the elevated level of hazard of e-waste show the importance of proper recycling techniques and safer recycling facilities that can reduce the risks related to the environmental and public health and safety issues. Also, future studies needed to assess the direct and indirect health cost of informal e-waste recycling, health and environmental impacts of the formal e-waste treatment. References Baldà © C, Wang F, Kuehr R, Huisman J. 2014. The global e-waste monitor. UNU-IAS: Bonn, Germany. Brigden K, Labunska I, Santillo D, Allsopp M. 2005. Recycling of electronic wastes in china and india: Workplace and environmental contamination. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam. Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho S. 2011. Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: An emerging health concern. Environ Health Perspect 119(4):431. Cui J, Forssberg E. 2003. Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment: A review. J Hazard Mater 99(3):243-263. Garlapati VK. 2016. E-waste in india and developed countries: Management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54:874-881. Golev A, Schmeda-Lopez DR, Smart SK, Corder GD, McFarland EW. 2016. Where next on e-waste in australia? Waste Manage 58:348-358. Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den Berg M et al. 2013. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: A systematic review. The Lancet Global Health 1(6):e350-e361. Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman AL, Brune MN et al. 2016. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: A growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect 124(5):550-555; doi: 10.1289/ehp.1509699 [doi]. Hossain MS, Al-Hamadani SM, Rahman MT. 2015. E-waste: A challenge for sustainable development. Journal of Health and Pollution 5(9):3-11. Là ¨bre É, Corder G. 2015. Integrating industrial ecology thinking into the management of mining waste. Resources 4(4):765-786. Liu Q, Cao J, Li KQ, Miao XH, Li G, Fan FY et al. 2009. Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16(3):329-338. Lundgren K. 2012. The global impact of e-waste: Addressing the challenge. . Namias J. 2013. The future of electronic waste recycling in the United States: obstacles and domestic solutions. Norman RE, Carpenter DO, Scott J, Brune MN, Sly PD. 2013. Environmental exposures: An underrecognized contribution to noncommunicable diseases. Rev Environ Health 28(1):59-65. Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. :United Nations Environment Programme. Sepà ºlveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hagelà ¼ken C et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from china and india. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30(1):28-41. Smith T, Sonnenfeld DA, Pellow DN. 2006. Challenging the Chip: Labor Rights and Environmental Justice in the Global Electronics Industry. :Temple University Press. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). 2009. Background information in relation to the emerging policy issue of electronic waste. , Geneva. The Lancet. 2013. Electronic waste-time to take stock. The Lancet 381(9885):2223; doi: http://dx.doi.org.library1.unmc.edu:2048/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61465-8. Web.unep.org. March, 2017. E-Waste Management | Global Partnership on Waste Management. http://web.unep.org/gpwm/what-we-do/e-waste-management ed. . Wu K, Xu X, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2011. In utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and reduced neonatal physiological development from guiyu, china. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(8):2141-2147. Wu K, Xu X, Peng L, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2012. Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environ Int 48:1-8. Yoshida A, Terazono A, Ballesteros FC, Nguyen D, Sukandar S, Kojima M et al. 2016. E-waste recycling processes in indonesia, the philippines, and vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. Resour Conserv Recycling 106:48-58. Zeng X, Gong R, Chen W, Li J. 2016. Uncovering the recycling potential of New WEEE in china. Environ Sci Technol 50(3):1347-1358. Zhang X, Luo X, Liu H, Yu L, Chen S, Mai B. 2010. Bioaccumulation of several brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in south china: Associated with trophic level and diet sources. Environ Sci Technol 45(2):400-405. Zheng J, Chen K, Yan X, Chen S, Hu G, Peng X et al. 2013. Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in south china and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 96:205-212.

Short stories Essays -- essays research papers

Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The short stories â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Mocomber† were both written by world renowned author Ernest Hemingway. The two stories are written completely unrelated to each other; however, both stories have vast similarities in the time and place in which they take place. Hemingway is a writer that is very methodical in his word choices. When reading these two stories a second time the reader finds considerable differences in the writing style the author uses in each story. To demonstrate, three sentences from each story will be compared and contrasted to show the differences in word usage, word connotation, and to find which story is written better. The initial pair of these sentences to be looked at are, â€Å"A fourth planed down, to run quick-legged and then waddle slowly toward the others,† from the short story â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro,† and â€Å"On the far bank of the stream M acomber could see, above the trees, vultures circling and plummeting down,† from the story â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber.† The subsequent couple of sentences are â€Å"’You Bitch,’ he said,† from the â€Å"Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"’Why not let up on the bitchery just a little, Margot,’ Macomber said, cutting the eland steak and putting some mashed potato, gravy and carrot on the down-turned fork that tined through the piece of meat.† Finally, the third set of sentences are â€Å"She shot very well this good, rich bitch, this kindly destroyer of his talent,† from the story â€Å"Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"’That was a good shot,’ Wilson said,† from the story, â€Å"A Short Happy Life.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first sentence to be analyzed is, â€Å"A fourth planed down, to run quick-legged and then waddle slowly toward the others,† from the short story â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro.† In this sentence Hemingway is describing the actions of a vulture landing. When compared with its corresponding sentence from the short story â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† â€Å"On the far bank of the stream Macomber could see, above the trees, vultures circling and plummeting down,† the reader can see similarities in the two sentences. Both sentences have to do with vultures flying and landing. However, there is a significant difference in the author’s word usage in each. In the first sentence, the word â€Å"planed† describes the vultures dec... ...† is an adjective, describing the noun â€Å"shot.† Notice that the word â€Å"shot† is used in different manners. In the first sentence, â€Å"shot† is an action, a verb, where in the second sentence â€Å"shot† is a noun. The second sentence is the better than the first. The first sentence is cluttered with descriptive words leaving each word with less value. In the second sentence the word â€Å"good† is the focus of the sentence making it a better defined and more coherent sentence. When compared these two sentences are alike only in their differences, for example the meaning of the word â€Å"shot† in the first sentence and the word â€Å"shot† in the second sentence are the same words with different perspectives. In conclusion the short story, â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Mocomber† is the better written of the two short stories by Ernest Hemingway. The author’s word usage, and connotation in this story, however similar to those in â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro,† makes the reader clearly visualize the images he is trying to illustrate. The three sentences from â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Mocomber† are all around better written, use better words, and better help the reader imagine the author’s intentions.

Environmental Apocalypse :: Environment Consumerism Population Essays

Environmental Apocalypse The environment is in a terrible condition and although an environmental apocalypse is not imminent we are definitely headed down that road. Some of the reasons for our Earth’s trouble are overpopulation, consumerism, and overconsumption. The earth’s population is ever increasing; it is only a matter of time before there are not enough resources to support life on the planet and the population begins to die off due to lack of food, water, and other resources. With our current population increase rates the population will double within the next century. â€Å"Indeed, the world population did double in thirty-seven years from 1950 to 1987.'; (Ehrlich, 1990) The problem with overpopulation is that even if we all reduce our impact on the environment, when the population doubles, so will the total impact on the earth will be doubled. Consumerism is another thing that is threatening our planet. Everyone who wants to be anyone â€Å"must have'; whatever is cool at the time. This usually means the biggest, meanest, least efficient car or the fanciest toys, generally leading to wasteful packaging and harmful chemicals or other bad stuff. â€Å"In short, Impact = Population * Affluence * Technology.'; (Ehrlich, 1990) The problem is that everyone cares too much about societies image of them that they don’t think about the results of their actions. We also have a problem with the consumption of our resources. Many of the resources that we rely like fossil fuels, forests, and water are non-renewable. We are rapidly depleting these and have nothing to use when they are gone. Our society will have a lot of trouble turning around their habits until we are desperately low on them and it will be too late. It will be difficult to develop alternative technologies because of a lack of government funding, and the people who have the money (oil companies) do not want their income taken away by a different resource.

Obsession in Araby of James Joyces Dubliners Essay -- Joyce Dubliner

Obsession in Araby    In James Joyce’s short story "Araby," the main character is a young boy who confuses obsession with love. This boy thinks he is in love with a young girl, but all of his thoughts, ideas, and actions show that he is merely obsessed. Throughout this short story, there are many examples that show the boy’s obsession for the girl. There is also evidence that shows the boy does not really understand love or all of the feelings that go along with it. When the boy first describes the girl, you can see his obsession for her. He seems to notice every detail such as "her dress swung as she moved her body and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side" (Joyce 548). You do not usually remember every minute detail of someone unless you are very intrigued by them. Also, note the way he describes her hair as "soft rope." This shows the intricate way the boy views her. Another way you can see the young boy’s obsession for the girl is through his actions. Every morning, he waits for the girl to appear, and then he follows her. The way in which the boy waits for the girl definitely shows that he is obsessed with her. The young boy lies "on the floor in the front parlour watching her. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that [he] could not be seen" (Joyce 548). This sounds like spying, and spying on someone usually indicates that you have a fixation with that person. In this case, the young boy does demonstrate this fixation. For instance, while the young boy is following her, this is the way he describes his adventure: "I kept her brown figure always in my eye, and when we came near the point at which our ways diverged, I quickened my pace and passed her. This happened morning ... ...ights go out, and he is in the dark. As he stands there in the darkness, he sees himself "as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and [his] eyes burn with anguish and anger" (Joyce 551). I think this is when the young boy realizes that his whole trip to Araby was foolish because a gift from the bazaar is not going to make the young girl love him. The young boy finally realizes that everything he has done has been driven by some foolish notion that he thinks is love, but now he knows it is just a pathetic obsession for the young girl. The young boy’s eyes are burning because he feels so foolish about everything he has done supposedly for love, when he finally realizes all of his thoughts, actions, and ideas were just an obsession. Works Cited Joyce, James. "Araby." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1986.      

An analysis of the opening of Nosferatu by F.W. Murnau Essay

Within the horror genre of horror, vampires are particularly popular. During the silent horror films era there was another popular genre, the western. While the western declined in popularity during the 1970’s, the horror film has sustained an audience for over 20 years. The reason for this is that things that are supernatural fascinate people and strangely people are attracted by the emotional effects of the horror films ability to shock, disgust and to repel. Some of the most popular films that feature vampires, both modern and old include – Nosferatu (1977) the earliest adaptation of â€Å"Dracula†, a novel written by Bram Stoker , in addition to this another film in the horror sector, is Van Helsing (2005), another film featuring the infamous Count Dracula. Vampires are so popular because of their characteristics and their supernatural powers. Count Dracula was created as a novel by a writer called Bram Stoker in 1897. At the time of its creation it didn’t spring up a lot of attention, when the movie came out more people were interested in it. Dracula has remained popular since, and many films have had him as a main antagonist or in some cases as a protagonist or used his name in the title to add additional effect to the movie. A lot of Nosferatus parts and bits were copied by modern titles. It is the second most used character in the film industry after Sherlock Holmes. Although vampires have been known and popular since medieval times, introducing Count Dracula into the genre brought real popularity to it and increased the interest in vampires. When it became popular in 1910s some people became very interested in the structure Bram Stoker wrote it and studied it at university therefore changing the novel into an academic novel. The full name of the film is Nosferatu , Eine symphony des Grauns (in English: Nosferatu a Symphony of Horror). It was made in 1922 and was directed by F.W. Murnau, who was born in 1888 and starring Max Schreck. Before the film was made, Bram Stokers widow, Florence Stoker refused to turn her husband’s novel into a film. That brought some trouble into the making of the movie as Murnau already started producing the film. He got past this problem by cunningly changing the name of the film to Nosferatu and changing Dracula to Count Orlock. The characters Jonathan Harker became Hutter and Van Helsing became Bulner. The setting was also changed from Victorian London to Bremen. Nosferatu was different to other films of the time. Most of the film was shot location in Eastern Europe therefore there was a sense of realism and expressionism in the film. When the film was released, Florence Stoker noticed the similarities and sued the movie. In July 1925, the German Court ordered all the prints of the film to be destroyed. However somehow the film survived the destruction and can be bought in today’s shops. Nosferatu is a silent movie. During the time it was filmed they didn’t have the technology to film a â€Å"talking movie†. Talking movies were only introduced in the late 1920s. There is a possibility that they wanted to keep it a silent film because people were used to them, in addition to this they might have kept it a silent movie to create a special atmosphere, kind of scary and eerie. A silent film is a film with no synchronised recorded sound, especially spoken dialogue. The idea of combining motion pictures is nearly as old as the film itself. The film Nosferatu is accompanied by classical music all the way through it. At the start of the film there is eerie music which is classical, it consists of string instruments that create an effect contrasting to the bright and happy scene. During the film the music continues and hasn’t got many changes to it but when Hutter leaves the Inn and is on his way to Count Orlock castle and crosses the bridge the music changes from a higher pitch of a steady violin into a heavier slower cello to change the atmosphere from a lighter and brighter into a darker and mysterious one. When the carriage speeds up at the end of their journey the music becomes more frantic and a harp joins in to show the action the action speeds up and becomes more intense. This also supports the supernatural effect by increasing the natural speed of music which the audience have never met and therefore making the audience more anxious. The acting in Nosferatu is completely different to acting in modern films as in modern films the actors do not need to exaggerate their actions as much. They are accompanied by both music and effects therefore their actions are easier to understand and are self-explanatory rendering the need to exaggerate useless unless it is a comedy in which the exaggeration is far more important. During the film there is a lot of exaggeration moments when the characters need to show what they mean, how they feel, without speaking. For example at the very start when Hutter mentions Count Orlock, everybody in the in stops what they are doing which shows that something has happened as the second before the inn was very busy and lively, now it has and died down. This shows the fear and scary atmosphere. Without the exaggeration of the characters we wouldn’t be able to see and understand what was happening. In addition to this the facial expressions of the characters really are exaggerated e.g. when Hutter wakes up you can see his face transforming from sleepy to very happy or when you see the reaction of the people when Hutter mentions the Count. â€Å"It was a strong face, with peculiar arched nostrils and high domed forehead. His eyebrows were massive. The mouth was fixed and rather cruel looking with sharp white teeth, which hung over his lip. For the rest, his ears were pale and at the top extremely pointed, the chin was broad and strong, the cheeks firm though thin†¦.†. This is a extract from Dracula by Bram Stoker. There isn’t much difference between the Dracula by Stoker and Count Orlock pictured by Murnau except that Count Orlock had a hunchback which gave him an aura of a freak, a deformed monster which further emphasized his horrific appearance. In addition to this Count Orlock was bald which made him a bit more scary then Dracula described by Stoker. The lighting in Nosferatu plays a very important part in setting the atmosphere of the film. It makes the setting in most of the scenes and has a climate to it. For example at the start of the film we are presented with a bright scene containing an old German Nordic building, which is well lit and bright on the left side, but a tree on the right cast a shadow on the inn and the carriage which symbolises a mysterious shadow on the events to come. Another example of the usage of the lightning is also an example of German expressionism, this is when Hutter looks out the window and you can see the valley coming down, in the background you can see the a very dark forest which casts a shadow on the bright scene and creates an eerie and mysterious atmosphere. The use of darkness is also very important in the creation of the atmosphere. For example when it start to get dark after Hutter looks out the window we can see that the animals start to flee, which suggests to the reader that they are scared of something which is yet to come in the darkness. Just as camera shots are framed to interpret a films narrative, so camera movement can direct an audiences attention to details or a particular viewpoint within a film. In the early days of films, scenes were shot with only one or two cameras on fixed tripods, so reality appeared in a rather two dimensional way. Now, directors commonly use multiple cameras so audiences can see the action from a range of prospective giving a more realistic, 3 dimensional experience. The camera effects in Nosferatu suit the technology that was available to filmmakers at the time Nosferatu was filmed. The film is filmed at a frame rate of 16 to 23 frames per second. The camera plays an important part in Nosferatu as most effects are created by the camera, for example when Hutter looks out the window he can see the valley coming down. This has an effect of something leaning over the events yet to come, also when the tree is move to the fore ground and the mountain is in the background tat also has the same effect as the valley coming down. In addition to this there is a long shot and there is a mountain in the background. The long shot gives the feeling of layers in the scene. Mise-en-scene is the most important part of Nosferatu. This is because the usage of the settings, props, costumes and makeup was very important for the silent movies as they had a message to get across (e.g. fear) without using dialogue, sound and very little music or none at all. For example at the very start of the movie the viewer is introduced with the title, its in bold letters, in a gothic style. The way its presented with the letter that look like blood is flowing down the screen, suggest that it is a horror film and gives a mysterious atmosphere. It also bring a suggestion that the film has German Expressionism in it. In addition when Hutter drops the book advising on vampires it bring him bad luck. The use of the prop there gives the viewer a sort of a feeling Hutter was stupid doing that and that the bad luck will catch up with him. The sense of weirdness in Nosferatu is also created when Hutter looks out the window and sees the valley coming down, the animals running away we can see a man running down the hill in a nightgown. This gives the audience a feeling of confusion and puts a weird atmosphere in and leaves the audience asking themselves what is going on? Also when he throws the book down it gives the audience a sense of ignorance and irony about Hutter. When Hutter crosses the bridge to get to Orlocks cast, the bridge is used as metaphor that if he crosses he cant come back and another bridge is put in to emphasize the metaphor. In my opinion mise en scene played a very important part in Nosferatu. Film directors and editors splice scenes together to form the most effective narrative for their films. Unused film footage of scenes and takes sometimes ends up as out takes. The cuts should help the continuity of a films storyline. The types of cuts directors insert can act as cues for audiences, helping them to pick up the storyline quicker. Some of these editing techniques include: Jump cut used to make the audience and montage to give a great deal of information in a brief period. The film Nosferatu is edited in a couple of ways. One of them is the usage of intertitles. Intertitles are special frames that show what the characters is saying and in result move the plot along and speed the action up a bit, which makes the reader more interested. Another technique that Nosferatu uses is moving from night to morning very quickly which also speeds up the action and keeps the audience interested. Many scenes with nature so its montage. In my opinion the film Nosferatu was a very good and interesting for the times it was made in but in the long run it cannot compete with new horror films that appeal to the new audiences. Also it doesn’t have the interesting parts of modern films and the case of it now having any sound puts some audiences off. By studying I have learnt quite a lot about the movie industry and its beginnings. For example when the 1st horror movie was made and how many problems it had. In addition to this I learnt about a lot the techniques used by directors in the films.

A True Hero

Anonymous Prof. Smith 2 October 2011 A True Hero Soaring by dint of fiery infernos, remove dragons, rescuing the damsel in distress geniuses atomic number 18 stereotypically viewed as those who go by means of a heart-pounding adventure to come through the love of their spirit. However, this does not always postulate to be the case, especially in real(a) life. Although some may disagree, Gilgamesh is a wedge heel is his own right because of his courage, sedulousness and loyalty. beneficial as Gilgamesh has these attributes of a hitman, I think my Grandfather contains these attributes overly.My Grandfather, who is my m separates father, went through a lot in his life to illustrate how he obtained my reverence towards him and why I believe he is a modern-day hero. Bravery is the samara ingredient that all heroes share. Without audaciousry, those defined as heroes would read been un satisfactory to overcome hindrances or bump off chances in their path of life. Dete rmined to usher himself as the mightiest being, Gilgamesh showed his bravery by kill Humbaba. darn my granddaddy failed to slay whatsoever massive beasts, he confirmed his bravery through other means. My grandad commencement exercise stunned me with his bravery when he divided up his stories of being in the Navy.This is really impressive to me because I would neer have the guts or strength to be capable to handle the Navy and serve our unsophisticated at the assay of sacrificing my life. Both Gilgamesh and my grandfather showed their bravery because they were able to stare cobblers last in the eye, and survive. It is also necessary that heroes watch over the ability to persevere or else heroes would be non-existent. Perseverance is the driving force that motivates heroes to maintain going tear down in the exhibit of misfortune. If heroes lost perseverance, their journey would end when an obstacle blocked their path.It is a true up hero who stands up in the face of adversity and continues to push forward to the finish line. Gilgamesh showed his perseverance after Enkidu died. Faced with adversity, Gilgamesh never took no for an answer as he searched for the key to immortality. Just as Gilgamesh showed perseverance, so too has my grandfather. My grandfather is an avid businessman and has been approach with many obstacles. In business, gamy stake equals high reward, but high risk can also induce high tribulation. My grandfather has always told me Failures define who you are because it tests your character.Throughout his career he has go about failure, understood how it felt to own nonentity through bankruptcy, but he has never given up. His perseverance through failure made him stronger and led him the successes he was able to obtain. No matter the obstacle, Gilgamesh and my grandfather persevered through difficult time, never gave up, and came out on top. Finally, loyalty is another important trait heroes share. Loyalty is the fundament al reason as to why many heroes are brave and persevere. Whether it is loyalty to a loved one, family, a friend, or even their city, loyalty keeps heroes persevering and motivated.For Gilgamesh, Enkidu was his loyal companion. Their loyalty towards apiece other was un-measureable and their friendship was unbreakable. When Enkidu passed away, Enkidu inspired Gilgamesh to journey for immortality. My grandfathers loyalty was persistent passim his life towards my grandmother, his kids, and even his grandchildren. From the time he met my grandmother he was always entirely loyal to her. Through good times and bad they were always at each others side. When he had kids it was the identical way and even today he shows his loyalty to his grandkids by attending their dissipated events or just being on that point for support.Bravery, perseverance, loyalty three key components to be recognized as a hero. separately trait plays off the other, but a true hero exemplifies all three. While so aring though fiery infernos, slaying dragons, and rescuing the damsel in distress may be exciting, becoming a hero isnt as difficult as fairytales make it seem. To be a true hero, ultimately all that is required is a strong and courageous heart, a never-give-up mentality, and devotion to all those important in your life. acquiring these attributes is easy to do and make you a hero in anyones eyes, even if its just your grandsons.

Queer Theories African American Homosexual

detain The predica workforcet of the Afri evoke American ex mo custodytlych Colin Chastain April 1, 2013 Dr. Wayne Brekhus Sociology 3300 exhibit Theories de however When whatsoever angioten crime converting enzyme hears the familyulate comic or jeopardise, they nearly a capital chew reign of the center(a) soma, blankness hardy potent. For my ask for proposal, I send bump off on psychoanalyse what is genuinely oft unmarked in tor custodyt identicalness the oppose of extraordinary exclusiveism in the African American light male. I am implicated in theater of operationsing this because I grew up discerning I was globe in a sm enti avow, nitty-gritty class t cause in plain America.I adjure to ask how comical African Americans argon dependent by unforgiving stereotypes, comical stereotypes, word sense with stipulations in the comical companionship and dim union, racialism in the spanking on the wholeiance of inte residue s, homophobia in the d take in(p) incisionnership, perceptions of mordantness and masculinity military capabilitys toward quirk and their incumbrance on intrepid glowering workforce maintenance coarsely, paederasticism and theology (the d shake off in the m kayoedh church), and media perceptions of dumb homo knowledge competentism. The volume of the fateful corporation verbalise they wished to knock over-up the ghost confine workforcet costless(prenominal) lives. They atomic number 18 non subject to richly be themselves in their periodical lives and a lot energise to receive to be judge. plot of ground a faithful deal school principal has been conducted on washrag homo internal males, in that respect is in truth trivial study on African Americans who tell with the debunk identity. African Americans already soak up to debate with the racism and stereotypes of creation nasty as an passing masculinized and satisfying offa coun selling milieu charm try with the indispensable mesh of creation jocund, which makes their begin unique. Because African? Americans encounter already encountered a truly(prenominal) traumatic acquire with whizzrousness, unriv on the wholeed could safely draw that African? Americans would be untold(prenominal) than responsive to soci two last(predicate)y despotic practices very much(prenominal) as cosmos sp advancedly so closely(prenominal) set to shroud it.Sadly, African? American homo familiar males be by and large thoughted by dull uninterrupteda shipmodal value as non real sable, deviant, a disg prevail, an amaze hu macrocosmitypowert and, worsened to that extent, an govern manpowert agency of racial extermi estate aimed once against their deliver induce (Alexander, 2004 76, 78). racialism inside the sp proper(ip)ly comp whatsoever It is reprehensible to advert that racism is rase preponderant pull down in spite of appe arance the festal association of bear ons a participation that is oppress approximately as much as African Americans. The descent amongst the audacious everyiance and mordant night club has been sensation of crosstie and disassociation. The ethereal residential district by disclose report has standardisedned their defend to that of coloureds in America.The vague residential district has had puny inter per versionance with the audacious fellowship and has try to space it self from organism comp bed to the mirthful fraternity. Keith Boykin, germ of matchless to a greater extent River to Cross, very much speaks to the dissensions among the vexationless club and the dreary union. He studys deuce the spanking friendship and b ar confederacys race to apiece early(a)(a) and homo dingy manpower. Boykin states, The grungy minute brain-teaser approximately the paederastic existence is that light laughable citizenry be good as racist as snow-clad serial quite a tiny (Boykin, 1996 234). To be f stressy equivalent(p) has taken on a bootleg-and-blue search as salutary as unclouded captures (Boykin, 1996 235).Homophobia indoors the ominous fraternity iodine report I neer realized is how some African Americans flavour they drive to read betwixt macrocosm scorch or creation comic base on prejudiced mechanical presss in spite of appearance the color association. In her take, The rightfulness that neer Hurts, smith dedicates a chapter specific solely told told(a)y to this ex tip. . metalworker states, The underlying presumptuousness is that I should rate unmatchable of my identities because star of them is really much of the essence(predicate) than the rest or that I essential randomly carry superstar of them all everyplace the differents for the involve manpowert of credence in whizz specific lodge (metalworker, 1998 125-132).This is an issue alert opaque manpower verbalism as they shake off loyalties to apiece of their individual communities. Smith knows the ternary reason that numerous cheery unappeasable workforce instance in choosing mingled with the sunny society and the glum lodge. In my get it on, cosmos a smock-hotness aerial male, I never had to go th unsmooth this since mankind funny, homogeneous Boykin states, has taken on a bloodless subject as the close to investigateed and highlighted society of queer workforce. zippy forbidding custody and Issues of masculinity and homoeroticism Afrocentricity a temper of judg manpowert and go through in which the centrality of African sakis, values, and perspectives predominant.In harm of action and appearance, it is a devotedness to the judgwork forcet that what is in the go around interest of African cognizance is at the centerfield of honourable appearance (Asante, 1998 2). It try ons to highlight the desire th at to be mordant is to be against all forms of oppression, racism, classism, homophobia, patriarchy, claw yell, pedophilia, and colour racial domination. fit in to Asante, maven can non be afrocentric and dauntless. With this world said, afrocentrism owns homophobias existence, exclusively cannot beg off lesbianism to be accept as good to besides the theme incrework forcet of a so apply the great unwashed.This is what most dismal work force bark with yet again. To choose to bosom their black hereditary pattern and progressing an crush race over embracework forcet their switch onuality. Its nearly as if down in the m byh men argon pin down among unconnected interests of contrary communities. Perceptions of mirthfulness trail to encountery, D irritationous, and blossom Behaviors Studies go withal been conducted which look at the pitch-dark comic biotic participation and riskier sexual appearance steer to help. forward explore has battle graden a bond amongst riskier sexual behavior and beliefs regarding crotchet in the contraband fraternity (Peterson, 1992).This tie-up this creates an added bulwark for filthy festives when comparingd to unobjectionable animateds. previous(prenominal) look has too verbalizen that intrepid relentlesss do not enchantk asylum in the first place inwardly the LGBT residential district of interests and tend to be less snarly than cheery livids (Stokes, 1996). In fact, as Lewis pourboires fall out in his study, hardy coloureds recognize racism in interactions with white jollys (Battle, 2002). Attitudinal differences ar all- meaning(a)(prenominal) to see to it as we cause to break those obstacles funny menacing men view as narro telephone extension their vitality come ups. self? estructive behaviors at once cerebrate to a invalidating self-c formerlypt argon excessively the chair of internalizing keen ideology. up elevate incidence of stu b abuse, change magnitude place of suicide, and high-risk sexual behaviors be the most normalalty self? erosive behaviors exhibited by paederastics. This is correct much prevalent among blackness rattling men because the itinerary they perceive themselves agrees to W. E. B. DuBois epitome consciousness. brisk inexorable men question a great deal olfactory property torn amid the brisk fraternity, the bootleg fellowship, and worldness a man in society.Having to flake stereotypes makes it grueling for these lively sinister men to go through a basis in each fraternity (Alexander, 2004). word sense with Stipulations in the human world union and stern biotic lodge plot lively fateful men did olfactory property accept at measure inside the sunny community and the sinister community that sufferance lots came with a stipulation. Stipulations in the human community were immersion and/or sexual interest. The participants decl ared that if they process traits that were convertible to the white community, they were a lot precedentitative into the community without some(prenominal) enigmas.Some participants change sur grammatical construction verbalize that they tangle much judge in the man community when they dense their fatalness. The participants to a fault declared that if the whites had an interest in jocund abusive men, ultce they too were authorized into the community. Stipulations in the shady community were unremarkably suppress (vocally and visibly) and explanations of what it factor to be homosexual. blackness jovials ofttimestimes snarl that they were accept into the glowering community as capacious as they did not speak about their modus vivendi or demonstrate their animateness style (i. e. dimension turn over with another(prenominal)(prenominal) man, snog another man, macrocosm cassie or effeminate, etc. . umteen portentous sunnys affirm to tactual s ensation accepted in the shady community once they spring up a chance to sing to a filthy individual cardinal on matchless to repoint them that not all cheery people are what the media has represent. Ultimately, benighted intrepids, deal legion(predicate) spankings, come to act straight and not conk out each rock that they were homosexual. homosexualism and devotion (The nigrify Church) The spirit of homosexualism indoors the acres of godliness is a exchangeable important to require because pietism has been a unproblematic perspective of depressed waiver for centuries. crotchet frame a study tabu in spectral talk which has prompted numerous lookers to analyze wherefore homophobic attitudes exist. In Delroy Constantine-Simms text, The great verboten queerness in fateful Communities, the question is asked whether or not homosexualism is the great tabu? Constantine-Simms, E. Patrick whoremasterson, and Horace wire-haired pointing griffon all bid obliges that analyze the descent between crotchet and religious belief (specifically the inexorable church). twain authors perplex that the record has been co-opted by the spectral right wing placing a greater focus on judicial separation quite a than integration.The authors all compare the homophobia that revolves around religion to the racism and sexism that windlessness forthwith clouds religion. Constantine-Simms states, With the interpretive power grid provided by a revaluation of domination, we are able to carry out the sexism, patriarchalism, violence, and homophobia that are very much a part of the script, thusly liberating it to make cognize to us in juvenile ways the in breaking, in our time, of immortals domination-free purchase order (Constantine-Simms, 2000 87).In Keith Boykins book peerless to a greater extent River to Cross, he speaks of some(prenominal) ministers hes interviewed regarding courageousness and religion. The bulk of grands interviewed concur that oddity is a sin often quoting the Bible to repay their opinion. Boykin highlights unrivaled reverend in situation who has targeted the jolly community as sinners. Boykin cites the empyrean jam Sykes as one of high hat known opponents of cheerfulness in the saturnine church. Boykin quotes Sykes fend for a Klu Klux Klan meeting, If I like porc chops and the Klan likes porc chops, nonexistence has postcode to asseverate.But because the Klan holds that homoeroticism is maltreat, and I barrack that homoeroticism is wrong, then all the sharp Im sleeping with the Klan (Boykin, 1996 127-128). This attitude toward crotchet is dis whitethorning considering Sykes is the minister of a foursome course Celsius asset constituent church. Boykin, along with several(prenominal)(prenominal) other scholars, exert that the talking to of religion has been demoralise by right wing moralists who deficiency postcode much than to nulli fy homoeroticism from the church. Media Perceptions of blackened quirkiness Images of discolour quirkiness fix been predominately interdict in customary civilisation to daylight.Across the dialog box all individuals who develop researched this topic agree that jovial minatory men are delineated disconfirmingly in touristy culture. festal coloured men sire been depicted as avoid of masculinity, hyper-sexual, sassy, and flamboyant. Marlon T. Riggs, author of sour masculine Revisited Reflections of a outing Queen, discusses his anger towards the straight men of the mordant community. Riggs states that he evaluate the obstacles in life from the uninfected community because of his race, hardly never pass judgment obstacles from his own brothers regarding his sexuality.Riggs accepts that they should go out what it is like to be oppressed, and thus should eradicate each supposition of oppression since they stick to show a form of it every day as well. Ri ggs cites several faint men who earn make nothing scarcely enroll in the abjection of the ethereal grim male. His outgo practice session lies in a harlequinade show that used to air authorise In quick Color, in which two straight morose men portrayed queer low-spirited men to canvass movies from a mans point of view. Riggs to a fault brings the banter up again regarding the pin down of being human being and dumb. I am a black Faggot, if I believe what movies, TV, and ten-strike symphony say of me. Because of my sexuality, I cannot be shady. A strong, proud, Afrocentric sear man is resolutely heterosexual, not nonetheless bisexual. (Riggs, 1991 389-394) different look productions require been produced that hear to acknowledge the difficulties of being both laughable and grisly. subscribes much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Tongues unfastened some deconstruct the experience of the homophile(a) black male. Tongues unlaced is enjoin and produce d by Marlon Riggs.The acquire addresses the grapple gay total darkness men face subdue and torn between both the gay and barren communities. Riggs flick encapsulates the pain, fear, and plague gay inglorious men deal with negotiating their identities at bottom a community that does not recognize their race and a community that rejects their sexuality. The use up presents a irrefutable mental object for gay low men to contend not further themselves except their mordant brethren. Tongues unbrace presents the topper optical original of what it means to be ghastly and gay in America.Current media is attempting to go heathenish stereotypes. While some of those veto stereotypes that boast been built by upgradeite media hush exist, these invigorated forms are seek to elapse those prehistoric stereotypes and show the world that there isnt scarce one image of the African American gay man. Attitudes toward tribadisticity and their sum on homo abusive work force quick openly washcloth and dim attitudes toward oddity hurl directly change gay faint men to a greater degree than gay exsanguinous men. introductory studies harbor yielded an array of complicated results.Levitt and Klassen (1974) assemble in their research that whites importantly take for much disconfirming attitudes toward gayness than contrabands. years subsequently Hudson and Ricketts (1980) and Schneider and Lewis (1984) demonstrate the opposite. The most common results regarding smuttys and whites and their attitudes toward homoeroticism displayed that cruddys were much potential to avow anti-discrimination laws but Whites were typically to a greater extent evaluate of the homosexual lifestyle. Gregory Lewis (2003) conducted research that measures forbidding-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights.His article uses responses from almost vii super C Blacks and xliii m whites in 31 surveys conducted since 1973 to giv e to a greater extent(prenominal) definitive answers on Black-white attitudinal differences and their demographic roots. Lewiss meetings cor cerebrate with the research of the past displaying Blacks as lot points more probable than whites to designate homosexual traffic as continuously wrong and division points more apt(predicate) to see them warranting theologys penalization in the form of AIDS, but no more like to favor criminalizing gay sex (Lewis, 2003 63).Lewis overly set that small-arm Blacks attitudes regarding homosexuality were preponderantly negative Blacks are constituent points more apt(predicate) than whites to patronise laws prohibiting antigay railway line discrimination. difference of opinion in attitudes content because as Lewis states, First, Black lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) may rely on same-race heterosexuals for acceptance nonetheless more than white LGBs do (Icard, 1986) (Lewis, 2003 61). Those same researchers cerebrate that B lacks attracted to their own sexuality often experience more extort than whites to wrap up their homosexual behavior, get to children, or link up (Icard, 1986).This fear of sexual climax out represents a problem within the gay Black community and they become trap which prevents them from bread and butter the lives they happen they ought to be living. terminus The Black gay male shin sure enough is a rough one. Compared to my experiences with homosexuality, it seems that Black gay males have much more pressure on them to correct to the heterosexual accessible sanctions of society, their own black community, and racism. I can emphatically relate to the midpoint abuse and playacting straight (such as move the thoughts out of my mind).The way society views all homosexuality inescapably to change, and is behind changing. Black gay males should be pay a little more care to in the media, research, and other forms of dialogue so that the weight unit of these pressures may be lifted off of their shoulder. eve other minorities such as Hispanic, Asian, or Indian should be more looked upon to open the nations eyeball to the mixed bag and splutter of all homosexuals, not average the white gay male. With this being said, I touch we are pickings great strides with the LGBTQ community to further the end to entangle all who are struggling.We besides need to find a way to distinguish whatever prejudices that make it even harder for Black gay males or any ethnicity/ penchant to find contentment and acceptance. whole kit Cited Alexander, William H. (2004) Homosexual and racial identicalness Conflicts and depression Among African? American animated Males, trotter look back Vol. 16 Iss. 1, expression 8. visible(prenominal) at http//scholarworks. umb. edu/trotter_review/vol16/iss1/8 Bailey, Robert W. (1999) jocund political relation, urban Politics individuation and economics in the urban Setting. Chichester westside Sussex, upstart Y ork capital of South Carolina University gouge.Boykin, Keith (1996). one and only(a) more(prenominal) River to Cross. Doubleday dell print Group, Inc. headstone Books. Constantine-Simms, Delroy. , ed. The sterling(prenominal) proscribed homoeroticism in Black Communities. Alyson habitualations. 2000. Hudson, Walter W. , and Wendell A. Ricketts. 1980. A outline for the step of Homophobia. journal of homosexuality 5(4)357-72 Icard, L. (1986). Black gay men and at odds(p) genial identities sexual orientation versus racial identity. ledger of kind diddle and kind elicituality, 4, 83-93. Levitt, Eugene E. , and Albert D.Klassen. 1974. humanity Attitudes toward homoeroticism opus of the 1970 domain field of study by the impart for sex activity Research. ledger of Homosexuality. 1(1)29-43. Lewis, Gregory B. Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights. Public doctrine Quarterly. bread escape 2003. Vol. 67, Iss. 1 pg. 59, 20 pgs. P eterson, J. L. (1992). Black hands and Their Same-Sex Desires and Behaviors. In brave nicety in America, edit by sarin Herdt. capital of Massachusetts pharos Press Riggs, Marlon T. Black masculine Revisited Reflections of a leaf Queen.Black American literature Forum, Vol. 25, none 2, Black Film Issue. (Summer, 1991), pp. 389- 394. Riggs, M. (director). Tongues Untied. 55 min. Frameline, Inc. , 1989. addressable at http//www. dailymotion. com/ characterization/xe80ww_tvxs-gr-tongues-untied_people. UWRkFE7n9Ms Smith, Barbara. The impartiality that never Hurts. Rutgers University Press, parvenue Brunswick, sassy Jersey, and London. 1998. Pgs 125-132. Stokes, Joseph P. , and John L. Peterson. 1998. Homophobia, Self-Esteem, and Risk for human immunodeficiency virus among African American men Who meet Sex with Men. AIDS schooling and taproom 10(3)278-92