Business Report Essay Example for Free

Business Report Essay Business opportunities in NSW are impacted by internal and external factors. Internal and external factors influence the business opportunities as they determine the success and failure of opportunities in the business environment. External influences are factors which mainly influence the environment outside the business and therefore they determine what the management staff inside the business must do to adjust with the changes in the external environment. External influences include factors such as; economic, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, institutional, technological, competitive situation and markets. Internal influences are factors affecting the business from within i. e. internally. Internal influences include factors such as; product, location, management, resource management and business culture. The following business report is commissioned to examine the influence of external and internal factors of business opportunities in NSW. The economic influence includes factors which relate to changes in the wider economy i. e. booms and recessions in the economy. The benefit of a growing economy allows opportunities for a business to increase profit, so businesses are able to experience rising living standards. ‘Booms’ and ‘upswings’ benefit business opportunities as they are periods where the economy is going through a positive phase where businesses have the opportunity to increase their positive total revenue. Consequently, this will lead to a rise in employment, consumer spending and wages. On the other hand, â€Å"Busts’ and ‘downswings’ are periods where businesses are impacted negatively. An example of a business which suffered from the negative factors of the economic cycle was Harvey Norman. Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) reported Harvey Norman experienced a ‘downswing’ period as profits decreased from $128. 95 million to $81. 9 million and total sales had a decline of 7. 3% due to lack of consumer spending. Financial influences involve ‘deregulation’ which is the removal of government regulations from the industry in hope of improving competition. The improvement of competition allows businesses the opportunity to improve efficiency and productivity of their employers and aim to achieve their required goal. Woolworths and Coles have recently removed regulations relating to supplier payments in order to lower costs and open up opportunities to expand their business and increase profit. Geographical influences such as location will determine the growth and development of a specific business. Geographical influences impact business opportunities as it provides challenges to increase profits, sales and expansion of business. An example of expansion of business is IKEA who have expanded their business to Melbourne, Australia because of economic growth in the Australian economy. Due to dramatic increase in consumer spending, IKEA’s profit increased rapidly and therefore they were able to purchase an 80, 000 metre square warehouse. Geographical influence impacts on business opportunities as it increases employment, sales and expansion of business as seen by the actions of IKEA. Social influences provide opportunities for businesses to change or develop to meet consumer demands. Social influences such as changes in consumer tastes and preferences significantly impacts on business productivity and opportunities. Failure for a business to satisfy consumer’s wants can be detrimental to a business and therefore can lead to a decrease in profits and sales or even cessation if they fail to meet consumer demands. An example of social influence on a business is the impact of the style of clothing of AussieBum. AussieBum manufactures and sells their products via the internet and are successful as their material and style of the underwear and beach clothing is famous among society. The business is successful as the material they produce is unique. Additionally, the location of the manufacturing is based in Australia further satisfying the taste and preferences on Australian consumers. Social influences for this business includes its consumers demanding Australian manufacturers to maintain uniqueness and reflect the Australian image; and consumers demanding products to be purchased over the internet. In this case, AussieBum successfully responds to social influences by having the correct production process of manufacturing their commodities and satisfying consumer demand and preferences. Legal influences impacts on business opportunities as it sets out regulations and laws that impacts business operations. Legal influences sets out guidelines that prevents businesses from discriminating or financial rorting. Additionally, legal influences such as laws and contracts can impact businesses as they are forced to buy from specific and this affects their total revenue. An example of legal influence on a business is the investigation of Coles. A recent article published by Sydney Morning Herald states that Coles is undergoing an investigation on discrimination between suppliers based on their private label brands. This breaches statutes which include anti – discrimination laws. Legal investigation is costly and affects consumer buying and spending at this business. Hence, it is crucial for businesses to abide by legislations to take advantage of the opportunities and maintain consumer satisfaction. Political influences impact businesses as government policies can lead to business uncertainty or business confidence. Political influences impact businesses as they implement policies which can change the structure of businesses. An example of political influences on a business is the impact the carbon tax has on BHP Billiton, a company in the mining industry. The carbon tax affects the company as BHP Billiton is now in charge of paying taxes which affect the company’s total revenue as there is an increase in costs. The carbon tax affects business opportunities in BHP Billiton as they are unable to hire new efficient and productive employees due to increase in their costs. Business opportunities in NSW can also be affected by taxation that can increase business costs and therefore restrict the businesses ability to expand or increase their profit or sales. Additionally, the exchange rate can affect the volume of import and exports from global markets hence impact of the price of products. Institutional influences refer to three bodies (Federal, State, and Local) which all have factors which impact business opportunities in NSW. The regulations of institutional influences are the safety and protection of employers in the business, the compulsory minimum wage, payment of taxes, approving new development and simple business codes of conduct and abiding by the legal business laws. These factors impact business opportunities as businesses must abide by these regulations in order to continue running and the breaching of the regulations can result in penalties which may affect the business financially. A recent investigation involving Coles breaching these regulations as they demanded additional payments from their suppliers led to a decrease in profits and loss of other suppliers. These factors affected Coles as their supply of specific products is decreasing yet they have such high demand but in result aren’t able to satisfy consumers wants. Business opportunities are impacted by the institutional influences as businesses are forced to run in a certain way as it can affect their financial status as well as their reputation if they fail to do so. Technology is improving at a rapid pace and allowing businesses to produce more efficiently. Technological influences impact vehicle manufacturing businesses such as Holden. Holden’s vehicles are produced rapidly because of innovative technology. The new Holden Barina features Apple’s Siri voice command providing more features and improving the product. Additionally, technological influence can impact businesses negatively. For example, technological advancements often replace employees and this decreases the opportunity of hiring new employment contributing to unemployment. Nonetheless, technological influences provide opportunities for businesses to produce products more efficiently and in turn increase their total revenue. Competition is advantageous to both consumers and businesses as it provides opportunities for improvement and demand for consumer satisfaction. A competitive situation often influences businesses to lower prices of its products to gain consumer satisfaction. For example, Woolworths and Coles promote lower prices to compete with one another. This provides consumers with wider range of choice and preferences. More so, they promote consumer points for purchasing goods and services at their store to remain competitive. Also, Jetstar has a policy which states they will provide a 10% discount on their service if their competitive airlines (i. e. Virgin Australia and Tiger Airways) offer a cheaper price for their service.In recent times financial/capital, labour and consumers have significantly changed. Financial/capital markets have seen international financial/capital flows become more flexible and easily accessible due to globalisation. Therefore, markets are more integrated. ASX is an example of these changes as the business has now made it more easily accessible for consumers to purchase and sell shares globally over the internet. Financial/capital markets influence business opportunities as businesses in NSW are linked globally are able to communicate and operate more efficiently. However, negative economic influence can impact on domestic markets in NSW which can impede on business operations.

Comparing the Immature Males of the Iliad and Lysistrata Essay

The Immature Males of the Iliad and Lysistrata    Both Homer's Iliad and Aristophanes' Lysistrata explore the nature and character of men. In their respective portrayals of male characters, both works reveal a fundamental flaw in that nature. This underlying flaw, immaturity, results in a variety of childish behaviors that are not only inappropriate but potentially quite dangerous and destructive. Reliance on women, inability to exert self-control, and resorting to violence as an easy solution to any problem or perceived threat are typical traits of young boys. Readers of the Iliad and Lysistrata are confronted with grown men consistently exhibiting exactly these behaviors and witness the adverse consequences to society. Throughout the Iliad Achilles operates like a spiteful child empowered with the body and strength of a man. He is stubborn and unreasonable, sullen and resentful when he cannot have his way, and, much like a playground bully, he uses his unusual strength to intimidate anyone who might challenge him. When in book one Achilles loses a battle of wills with Agamemnon and cannot retaliate, he retreats in frustration and self-pity; before long, he is throwing a tantrum. "Mother!" he cries, "You gave me life, . . . so at least Olympian Zeus, thundering up on high, should give me honor--but now he gives me nothing" (I, 416-419). Achilles subsequently relies on his mother, Thetis, several times for her advice and divine assistance. Rather than attempting to be resourceful in the face of frustration, he simply acts helpless and lets Thetis work out his problem for him. "But you, mother, if you have any power at all, protect your son!" the mighty and invincible Achilles implores (I, 467, 468). When his armor is ... ...Robert. "The Iliad". The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Maynard Mack, general editor--6th ed. W.W. Norton and Company, N.Y. 1992. 98-208. Gulick, Charles Burton. Modern Traits in Old Greek Life. New York: Cooper Square. 1963. Henderson, Jeffrey, Aristophanes' Lysistrata, 1987 Holst-Warhaft, G., Dangerous Voices: Women's Laments and Greek Literature, Routledge, 1992. Hooper, Finley. Greek Realities: Life and Thought in Ancient Greece. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 1978. Keuls, E. C., The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens, New York, 1985 (reprint Berkeley, 1993). Miller, J. Hillis. "Narrative". Critical Terms for Literary Study. Lentricchia, Frank and Thomas McLaughlin, eds. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1990. 66-79. Tannahill, Reay. Sex in History. London: Scarborough House. 1992.

Micromax Owners Profile

Corporate Profile: Micromax Mobiles is one of the leading mobile companies in the World today. According to Strategy Analytics’ Global Handset vendor market share report, it is the 12th largest mobile brand in the World with a global market share of 1% and close to 8% market share in India. With an in-depth understanding of rapidly changing consumer preferences coupled with the use of advanced technologies, Micromax has been able to differentiate itself from the competitors through innovation and design.The brand took on the leaders in the category with specific products that addressed different customer needs. The company has focused their efforts towards creating life-enhancing mobile phone solutions and wireless technologies that cater to the increasingly evolving needs of mobile users in India. Micromax aims to be a billion dollar company with a significant double digit market share by 2014. Driving the next phase of growth, the company is expanding aggressively in India a nd globally.Journey of a homegrown brand: Micromax started as an IT software company in the year 2000 working on embedded platforms. By 2008, it entered mobile handset business and by 2010 became the largest Indian domestic mobile handsets company. This transformation was steered by four friends who divided responsibilities on functional lines, which haven’t changed since: Rajesh Agarwal, 47, Managing Director, Rahul Sharma, 37, Executive Director, Vikas Jain, 37, Business Director, and Sumeet Arora, 37, Chief Technology Officer.Through its emphasis on adapting to the changing market dynamics, introducing feature-rich phones and smartphones that are innovative and unique, Micromax has today become a brand to reckon with. Today, Micromax has presence across India and global presence in Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri-Lanka, Maldives, UAE, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Afghanistan and Brazil. Micromax sells around 1. 3 million mobiles handsets every month, with a presenc e in more than 500 districts through 100,000 retail outlets in India.Product Innovations: Micromax product portfolio embraces more than 60 models today, ranging from feature rich, dual-SIM phones to QWERTY, touch-enabled smart-feature phones and 3G Android smartphones designed for younger consumers in suburban and urban markets. Marketing: Driven by growing aspirations of the Indian mobile users, Micromax has geared up to bring about a paradigm shift in the way cell phones are used by introducing groundbreaking mobile solutions technology. When Micromax entered the segment, it followed a simple strategy of bringing innovative products for the consumers and coupled it with smart marketing.The company’s success could be attributed to the ‘Out of the Box’ thinking and thus providing Innovative & insightful products to the masses. At Micromax, the target audience is youth who want innovative, stylish phones that are affordable. Today the mobile phone category is driv en by youth, with about 60% of the users under the age group of 20-40 yrs and Micromax utilizes every opportunity to connect with the youth. Micromax understands that building connect is all about being involved with the customers and also giving them the value for money.Through their products and innovative campaigns, they aim to provide value additions to the Micromax users and have him or her involved by creating unique brand proposition. Distribution Network: Micromax has a 3 tier distribution network in India, which extends across 65 super distributers, 1500 micro distributors and over 100,000 retailers. To enhance brand cognizance and retail strength, Micromax has a chain of exclusive retail outlets, owned by third party Vikas Jain, Business Director, Micromax Informatics LimitedVikas Jain is the Business Director and one of the Promoters of Micromax Informatics Limited. With over 14 years of experience in international business & planning and the information technology sector , Vikas has played a crucial role in garnering and accelerating the business dynamics of Micromax. With his unique set of expertise in the 3G business dynamics, coupled with a great sense of innovative worldscale business ideas, Vikas has successfully contributed in taking the company to newer markets and helping in global expansion.Vikas upholds diligence and perceptiveness in all his endeavors and has reiterated these principles in Micromax’s Vikas understands the fact that Micromax being a homegrown market has an edge over the rest when itcomes to its international counterparts, as it understands the utility needs of the Indian consumers better. Micromax launched its first mobile phone whose key selling point was a battery that lasted 30days. In a country that suffers from chronic power deficiency, this was an invaluable proposition,according to Vikas.He believes that the thrill of newness and the idea of innovative technology is wherea brand scores more. Keeping this cent ral, Vikas presently looks after the business interests of thecompany in the ‘Operators Vertical’ with his skillful ability to identify and understand the needs of the varied set of consumers. Closely working with the operators enables Vikas to comprehend the technological advancements further empowering him to put a commercial angle to the company’s products. Under Vikas’s supervision and knowledge, the company has recently forayed into the internationalbusiness arm of exports.With establishments in Nepal and Dubai, Micromax is predominantly focusingon SAARC regions, Africa, Middle East (UAE, Qatar, Pakistan) and Latin America (Brazil). Vikas strategizesto focus on SAARC regions primarily because of its geographical alignment with India; Africa, as It encompasses territorial similarity with India in terms of tele-density and growth potential; Middle East, since it is an aspiring market and Brazil because it is technologically advanced than India and a not ch Vikas espouse the fact that life is purely about passion and more about enjoyment.Anything that sets the adrenaline rushing excites Vikas. An ardent sports lover and an adventure person, Vikas loves badminton, cricket and snooker and activities such as parasailing, scuba diving and ocean walks. He is also passionate about fast cars. An avid traveler, Vikas has a fetish for Lebanese and Chinese cuisines. During his leisure time he loves listening to music and watching movies. Vikas is an alumnus of Jamia Millia University from where he completed his engineering degree Rahul Sharma, Executive DirectorMicromax Informatics Limited, is the driving force behind Micromax’s commendable position in the Indian mobile handset market. Leading the Product and Sales strategies in Micromax, Rahul encompasses an enriching work experience of 13 years. The phenomenal growth of Micromax can be attributed to the dynamic leadership of Mr. Sharma. An unparalleled increase in revenue inflow furt her substantiates the midas touch that Rahul has brought to the company and an equally impressive growth of the company highlights the consistency of his leadership.Rahul upholds the philosophy that we must create our own roadmaps rather than following others by imbibing innovative models tailor-made for our needs and expectations, and hence along with his peers – Rajesh Agarwal, Vikas Jain and Sumeet Arora, he scripted the success story of Micromax since its inception. It was Rahul’s abetted efforts to convince his peers after nine years of selling computers, software courses and â€Å"fixed wireless† public phones (PCOs), to venture into the mobile handset industry in 2008, thus leading to the inception the fascinating feat in Micromax.Considering Micromax to be his brainchild, Rahul drew his greatest inspiration for the company to enter the mobile phone manufacturing business over a compelling incident of a chance encounter with a payphone operator. Everythin g started with a truck battery in the year 2007. In the powerless village of Behrampur in West Bengal, Mr. Sharma saw an Airtel PCO being powered by a truck battery. Every night, the PCO owner would lug the battery 12 km to an adjoining village on his cycle, charge it there overnight, and lug it back to Behrampur in the morning.Rahul was fascinated by the nature of innovative adaptation to suit the difficult conditions which the payphone operator had employed and his interest only grew when he found out that to everyone’s surprise, the operator was also able to earn a tidy sum of money. Based on this phenomenal experience of innovation arising from constraint, Micromax soon launched its first phone which had a battery back-up of one whole month. And from there started the grand journey. This compelling story reflects Rahul’s firm belief in the ideology, â€Å"Success comes to those who dare to dream. Keeping this central to all his endeavors at Micromax, Rahul made si gnificant progress and went on to launch a whole gamut of phones, all designed to suit the ever-changing needs of the dynamic Indian market. Rahul takes great pride in investing all his energy and deep commitment to quality in improving the business performances of his organization. Passionate about being a catalyst for change in the lives of the people, Rahul is rare combination business acumen and a creative mind and is adept at leveraging his knowledge, skills and expertise to maximize people’s potential.His leadership was instrumental in Micromax winning accolades and awards at prominent business forums. Micromax was the ‘Emerging Company of the Year 2011’ as per India’s leading telecom magazine- Voice & Data. It also bagged the FIEO Telecom Technology Awards and Power Brands 360 Award, recently. In recognition of his achievements, Rahul was adjudged one of the Forbes Person of the Year 2010. For the successful person he is today, Rahul considers his f ather to be his true inspiration in life, his real hero. It was his father who instilled in Rahul a strong work ethic, honesty, sincerity and humility.Besides being an entrepreneur, Rahul is a sports enthusiast with a passion for fast cars and Formula 1 racing. He spends his free time reading autobiographies of successful leaders Rahul is a mechanical engineer by profession. Rajesh Agarwal, Managing Director, . With an enriching experience of 22 years, Rajesh has orchestrated strategic accomplishments that, together with ground-up development, allowed Micromax to assemble a portfolio amongst the top-tier handset manufacturers that serve consumers across the globe.Rajesh has been instrumental in advocating innovative product strategies, business restructuring and channel management as the building blocks to create a strong base for the organization over the past three years. Today, Micromax is the third largest mobile brand in India with a market share of 6. 9% for the FY 2011. It ju mped into the industry in the year 2000 as a software company when 3 of his friends- Sumit Arora, Rahul Sharma and Vikas Jain ventured together to script the success story of Micromax which then evolved as a mobile brand in the telecom space.Under Rajesh’s able guidance Micromax has achieved an envious position in the category, making it the 12th largest mobile brand in the World, according to Strategy Analytics’ Global Handset vendor market share report. Rajesh has also been instrumental in getting a lead investment of RS 400 crores (approximately US $83 million) from TA associates, Sequoia Capital and Sandstone Capital, which has brought the company international experience and exposure. For all the accomplishments that he knitted in his entrepreneurial journey,Rajesh upholds the Success Mantra: â€Å"Team work divides responsibilities and multiplies growth. † Keeping this central to all his endeavors, Rajesh believes in striving towards the unreachable. His l eadership was instrumental in Micromax winning accolades and awards at prominent business forums. Micromax was the ‘Emerging Company of the Year 2011’ as per India’s leading telecom magazine- Voice & Data. It also bagged the FIEO Telecom Technology Awards and Power Brands 360 Award, recently. In recognition of his achievements, Rajesh was amongst the finalist of E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2010.Inspired by Warren Buffett, Rajesh an electrical engineer encompasses from him the rich virtues of will strength, determination and risk-taking ability and applies them across all diversification and growth to emerge as a victor. An ardent outdoor sports lover, Rajesh shows keen interest in volley ball, cricket and table tennis. He is fond of travelling to new places and exploring different cultures. In his leisure he reads about successful leaders and draws inspiration through their ideologies.

The, Dark, Or As Scary - 991 Words

Even though a lot of thing events that happened to Bechdel was sad, dark, or as scary as was she managed to use a very witty tone throughout the story, reflecting on her personality. She believes dark events are not central to one’s life. She uses this tone as oppose to an angry tone because she never realized her family was in any way different until she was compared it to others. This strongly classifies Bechdel in the optimistic category of personalities. The tone of this novel can strike many people as hard to determine or understand. One of the best things about this novel is the consistency that Bechdel creates from her earliest childhood memories all the way until the ending of the book. Tone is known to illustrate the underlying feelings of the author. What is also very striking is Bechdel’s lack of emotion when any surprising event happens to her. What most tend to remember is when Mr. Bechdel’s death is announced to Bechdel and how she responds to the n ews. Normally speaking, or what most would refer to as normal is to have some kind of emotional breakthrough when finding out their loved one has passed in a tragic accident. â€Å"Is he dead? (Bechdel 81). In these three words Bechdel demonstrates her inability to fit into the mere â€Å"normal† category of reactions and blows the audience away. Bechdel explains how she cried for about two minutes to her girlfriend at the time and that was the most of mourning she did at all. Using the witty part of her, she pulls herselfShow MoreRelatedFast Food Is A Dark And Scary Hidden Story1502 Words   |  7 Pagesfast food industry has greatly increased in America. Fast food is so popular among Americans because of how cheap and affordable it is. On the other hand, behind it all is a whole different layer. The meaning behind the fast food industry is a dark and scary hidden story. The hidden story is in fact that people had suffered greatly because of their need to keep a job, even if it is dangerous. 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Virgin Atlantic Airways Founded In 1984 - 2104 Words

Virgin Atlantic Airways, founded in 1984, has grown rapidly to become one of the UK’s largest airline carriers and now serves 31 destinations worldwide. Well known for pioneering many service innovations and setting new standards for the airline industry, Virgin Atlantic continues to expand. But despite their growth the airline still remains customer focused, with an emphasis on value for money, unique offerings and high quality service. http://www.capitalcapture.com/Libraries/Documents/CC_CaseStudy_VirginAtlantic.pdf Atlantic Airlines Limited, is a British airline company owned by Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Group (51%) and Singapore Airlines(49%). Virgin group is the creator of more than 300 branded companies globally, and employs†¦show more content†¦Considering the fact that the airline industry is characterized by the presence of a few carriers and many suppliers vying for business, it comes as no surprise that the power of the suppliers is low and the ai rlines have the upper hand in their interactions with the suppliers. Further, even in cases such as the supply of jet fuel, the carriers like Virgin Atlantic have a distinct advantage, as this fuel is expensive and a premium product meaning that there are not too many buyers for it making Virgin Atlantic a favored customer for the aviation fuel companies. .(http://managementstudyguide.com/porters-five-forces-analysis-of-virgin-atlantic.htm) There’s a lot of talk about culture in organisations, and it seems to me a bit ethereal. It’s hard to describe, but a culture is very real. 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The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot Essay...

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot The poetry of the modernist movement is characterized by an emphasis on the alienation of the individual from the broader community in which he or she exists. In the works of T. S. Eliot, this alienation is expressed as a symptom of spiritual and moral decay within communities, societies, and entire civilizations. Eliot’s modernism, which was strongly influenced by his conversion to Anglo-Catholicism, is a harsh critique of the pervasive self-obsession of the modern secular world. In any discussion of modernist poetry, it is crucial to remember that technology was advancing at a rapid pace during the beginning of the twentieth century. Mechanical inventions, from electric†¦show more content†¦In this regard, he represents the pathetic everyman of the modern world. Prufrock is a cowardly, narcissistic, neurotic cipher of a person. He is spiritually bankrupt, and therefore alienated from everyone around him. The poem itself, which superficially appears to be no more than a random accumulation of stream-of-consciousness images, is Prufrock’s secret confession of his own feelings of shame, worthlessness and inadequacy. The first stanza, which is an un-translated quotation of Dante, is from a scene in the Inferno when one of the damned, consumed in a column of fire, reveals information to Dante that he would hesitate to disclose if not for his certainty that no one else will ever learn it (Cousineau). His certainty is based on the fact that no one has ever escaped from his depth of the inferno. Likewise, Prufrock confesses his innermost thoughts and neuroses only because he believes that none of his social circle will ever learn his secrets. The repetition of the lines â€Å"In the room the women come and go/ Talking of Michelangelo† sets a tone of ennui. The reader can envision upper-class matrons strolling through a museum, prattling about Renaissance art because they have nothing better to discuss. With this existential image, Eliot presents modern life as an incessant parade of days and nights spent in idle chatter. Because people no longer have any meaningful connections to one another,Show MoreRelatedThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesT.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† draws attention to the idea that time is of the essence. On the surface, Prufrock is portrayed as a man who is incapable of making decisions and lacks self-confidence. This is evident through his passive nature, where he continuously delays having to talk to women because he believes there is enough time. Written in the era of modernism, the reader is cap able of unraveling that the poem’s true purpose was not only to show Prufrock’s inability toRead MoreThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. 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Morality of Management Earnings free essay sample

The term â€Å"Earnings Management† is a form of â€Å"number smoothing† used by a company’s management to manipulate or influence the companys earnings to match a pre-determined dollar amount. This is done in an attempt to keep financials stable, as opposed to showing financial fluctuations. When a company appears to be stable it has a greater chance of attracting investors, which in turn demands higher share prices. When a company is able to have higher share prices, the more likely they are to draw new investors. Likewise, a company that has low share prices is often a reflection of a company that is not doing well financially (Investopedia, 2009, para 2). Often, companies perform abusive earnings management practices in an effort to â€Å"make the numbers† (Inevestopedia, 2009, para 4). In order to do this, management may be tempted to â€Å"make up† numbers as a means of drawing investors or to make their company appear financially stronger tha n what it actually is. The methods used in earnings management can be varied, and may be done through manipulation of financial numbers or operating procedures (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 84). In a study conducted by the National Association of Accountants, a questionnaire was prepared which described 13 observed earnings management situations (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 83). Below are five listed generalizations that can be made by the study findings regarding short-term earnings management practices. 1. Respondents of the survey felt that earnings management practices utilizing accounting methods to be less acceptable than methods of operating procedure manipulation (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 84). Manipulation of operations can include something as simple as pushing shipping to the last day of the fiscal quarter or asking customers to take early delivery of goods (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). Another example is when companies make â€Å"Unusually  attractive terms to customers† or â€Å"Deferring necessary expenditures to a subsequent year† (Rosenzweig Fischer, 1994, para 5). According to survey responses, practitioners had fewer ethical dilemmas when using operational earnings management tactics compared to those involving accounting methods (Rosenzweig Fischer, 1994, para 7). 2. When it came to accounting, survey respondents felt that increasing earnings reports to be less acceptable than the decreasing of earnings reports (As quoted by Gibson, pg. 84). Managers appear to be more comfortable in reducing the overall company profit when reserves show elevated numbers (As cited by Gibson, p. 85). It would seem that management might assume that if their reserve numbers are high, then reducing them to show lessor profitability acceptable. If the money is genuinely there, then what is the harm in reducing the profit amount to meet a designated number? However, when it came to reporting profit increases, managers were hesitant in determining what earnings management methods would be ethical and which would not. 3. Generalization #3 is similar to generalization number two where ethics are concerned. Respondents felt that if earnings management tactics were kept small that it was more acceptable than if the effects were large (As cited by Gibson, p. 84). When manipulations of numbers or operating procedures are kept to smaller changes, managers seem to feel it more justifiable and acceptable. For instance, if management were asked to show an increase of sales by $12,000.00, such manipulations would be more ethical than if asked to increase sales by $120,000.00. Likewise, if production costs were delayed for advertising to meet a quarterly budget it would be more acceptable than if production costs for advertising were delayed to meet the end of year fiscal budget. This also ties in to generalization #4, the time period of the end effect. 4. Time periods play a large part in determining how ethical earnings management practices are. As described above, when asked to alter numbers or operating procedures in an effort to make quarterly forecasts, managers seemed to feel this practice to be more acceptable. When asked to alter numbers or operating procedures for annual reports, however, the line between ethical and questionable is blurred. 47% of respondents to the survey felt that earnings management practices that were made to meet an interim quarterly budget to be ethical, while only 41% felt that such manipulations in order to make an annual budget to be ethically sound (As  cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). 5. When asked whether it was acceptable to offer special extended credit terms to customers in an attempt to increase profits, only 43% of survey respondents felt the practice to be ethical. However, when asked if the same end result would be ethical if achieved through ordering overtime to ship as much product as possible at years-end, 74% of respondents felt this manipulation to be ethical (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). A staggering 80% of survey respondents felt that selling excess assets as a means of realizing a profit to be ethical, while only 16% felt it would be questionable (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 85). Short-term earnings management procedures, while questionable, are often legal. The alteration of financial information in an attempt to meet budgets or as a way to show profitability is often alluring and an â€Å"easy† way to draw investors. Managers who use earnings management tactics must take into consideration the impact such actions may have with key stakeholders (As cited by Gibson, 2013, p. 86). When numbers are skewed favorably, it gives stakeholders a false sense of security in their investments. Companies who engage in short-term earnings management practices often set themselves up for losses over time. When numbers are adjusted to make a quarterly or yearly dollar amount, chances are the following quarter will find the company in the negative. Such practices are rarely foolproof and care must be taken when making earnings management practice decisions. Focusing on long-term earnings management practices are ultimately more favorable, but in order to be effective management must remain committed to consistent operational procedures. Forecasting the product needs of customers and looking ahead are key strategies for keeping sales income at a consistent level. Waiting until the last minute to offer customers generous credit terms in an effort to boost end of year or quarterly sales is a short-term answer at best. Looking at the purchase history of customers and integrating theses sales number into future budgets should help alleviate the need to resort to last minute scrambling to make budget targets.